A guide for studying among-individual behavioral variation from movement data in the wild

摘要

Concepts in animal personality research: a Behavioral types: Among-individual differences in mean behavioral expression over repeated measures. b Linear reaction norm plot: individuals differ in their behavioral plasticity (slope) along an environmental gradient and there is a positive correlation between an individual’s behavioral type (intercept) and its plasticity (slope). c Predictability: individuals differ in within-individual behavioral variability from more predictable individuals (red ribbon) to less predictable individuals (purple ribbon). d Behavioral syndrome: there is a positive among-individual correlation for two distinct behaviors: Behavior X and Behavior Y. Individuals with on average higher average expressions of Behavior X also have higher average expressions of Behavior Y