a Anaerobic three-electrode bioreactor. Fresh sterile anaerobic medium is pumped at a constant rate into a growth chamber under positive pressure from a flow of sterile humidified argon. Both spent medium and argon exit through an air-locked outlet. Cells are grown on a graphite working electrode poised at anodic potentials with a platinum counter electrode and a Ag/AgCl reference electrode to control the voltage. A magnetic stir bar mixes the planktonic phase. b Only cells attached to the anode can grow. Hence, the strain ratio in the planktonic phase equals the ratio on the anode times the relative growth rate (see Note in Supplementary Information).
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