Molecular targeted and immune checkpoint therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

摘要

Important target molecules and signal transduction pathways in hepatocarcinogenesis and progression. Drug-targeting receptors are present on the cell membrane of hepatoma cells and endothelial cells. EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; Tie2: angiopoietin receptor; FGFR: fibroblast growth factor receptor; PDGFR: platelet-derived growth factor receptor; VEGFR: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor; RET: glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor; C-MET: hepatocyte growth factor receptor; KIT: stem cell factor receptor. Two signal transduction pathways, Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR/HIF, affect the proliferation and survival of HCC cells by regulating gene expression