The term “working memory” (WM) describes the ability to maintain and manipulate information in the memory for the guidance of goal-directed behavior. Working memory encompasses both storage and processing functions, and within cognitive psychology it represents an extension of an earlier concept, short-term memory, a limited-capacity temporary memory store, typified by the model proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin [ ]. The functions of WM range from the “simple” active retention of goal-related information to an import role in (speech)-comprehension, thinking, and planning in primates and humans [ ]. Working memory is an important component of “cognitive control” or “executive functions” that are intricately associated with the prefrontal cortex (PFC).
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