Role of secondary structure in protein-phospholipid surface interactions: Reconstitution and denaturation of apoC-I:DMPC complexes

摘要

Protein binding to phospholipid surface is commonly mediated by amphipathic α-helices. To understand the role of α-helical structure in protein-lipid interactions, we used discoidal lipoproteins reconstituted from dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and human apolipoprotein C-I (apoC-I, 6 kD) or its mutants containing single Pro substitutions along the sequence and differing in their α-helical content in solution (0–48%) and on DMPC (40–75%). Thermal denaturation revealed that lipoprotein stability correlates weakly with the protein helix content: proteins with higher α-helical content on DMPC may form more stable complexes. Lipoprotein reconstitution upon cooling from the heat-denatured state and DMPC clearance studies revealed that protein secondary structure in solution and on DMPC correlates strongly with the maximal temperature of lipoprotein reconstitution: more helical proteins can reconstitute lipoproteins at higher temperatures. Interestingly, at Tc=24 °C of the DMPC gel-to-liquid crystal transition, the clearance rate is independent of the protein helical content. Consequently, if the packing defects at the phospholipid surface are readily available (e.g. at the lipid phase boundary), protein insertion into these defects is independent of the secondary structure in solution. However, if hydrophobic defects are limited, protein binding and insertion is aided by other surface-bound proteins and depends on their helical propensity: the larger the propensity the faster the binding and the broader its temperature range. This positive cooperativity in α-helical binding to phospholipid surface, which may result from direct and/or lipid-mediated protein-protein interactions, may be important for lipoprotein metabolism and for protein-membrane binding.