Considerable scientific progress in the pathogenesis of vascular calcification accrued in recent years will be reviewed in this monograph. Factors regulating mesenchymal cell differentiation and their role in the neointimal calcification of atherosclerosis and the vascular media calcification observed in CKD and diabetes will be discussed as will the role of bone regulatory proteins in bone mineralization and vascular calcification This will include recent studies related to fetuin-A, and the discovery of a new circulating hormone involved in regulating phosphate homeostasis and sensing skeletal hydroxyapatite precipitation. Finally, the relationship between skeletal mineralization and vascular mineralization will be discussed in terms of their links, especially through serum phosphate concentrations.
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