Complete protection from impending stroke following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in awake behaving rats

摘要

Using a rodent model of ischemic stroke (permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion; pMCAO), our laboratory has previously demonstrated that sensory-evoked cortical activation via mechanical single whisker stimulation treatment delivered under an anesthetized condition within 2 hours of ischemic onset confers complete protection from impending infarct. There is a limited time window for this protection: rats that received the identical treatment 3 hours following ischemic onset lost neuronal function and sustained a substantial infarct. Rats in these studies, however, were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital or isoflurane, whereas most human stroke patients are typically awake. To optimize our animal model, the present study examined, using functional imaging, histological, and behavioral analysis, whether self-induced sensory-motor stimulation is also protective in unrestrained, behaving, rats that actively explore an enriched environment. Rats were revived from anesthesia either immediately or three hours after pMCAO – at which point they were allowed to freely explore an enriched environment. Rats that explored immediately after ischemic onset maintained normal cortical function and did not sustain infarct, even when their whiskers were clipped. Rats that were revived 3 hours post-pMCAO exhibited eliminated cortical function and sustained cortical infarct. Further, the data suggest that the level of individual active exploration could influence the outcome. Thus, early activation of the ischemic cortical area via unrestrained exploration results in protection from ischemic infarct, whereas late activation results in infarct, irrespective of level of arousal or whisker-specific stimulation.