‘Motherhood penalty’ and ‘fatherhood premium’? Fertility effects on parents in China

摘要

BACKGROUNDMany previous empirical findings on ‘motherhood penalty’ and ‘fatherhood premium’ remain inconclusive due to potential selection biases. China’s regional variation in exemptions to the one-child policy enables us to use the gender of the first child as a powerful instrumental variable (IV) in identifying the gendered fertility effects.