How Do Electronic Cigarettes Affect Cravings to Smoke or Vape? Parsing the Influences of Nicotine and Expectancies Using the Balanced-Placebo Design

摘要

ObjectiveAlthough electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are frequently initiated for smoking cessation, results from the first two clinical trials testing this suggest that the perceived benefits of vaping may be influenced by non-nicotine factors, including cognitive outcome expectancies. The current study investigated the separate and combined effects of nicotine delivery and outcome expectancies on cravings for cigarettes and e-cigarettes using a balanced-placebo experiment.