Both the ‘cascade model’ of ecosystem service provision and the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response framework individually contribute to the understanding of human–nature interactions in social–ecological systems (SES). Yet, as several points of criticism show, they are limited analytical tools when it comes to reproducing complex cause–effect relationships in such systems. However, in this paper, we point out that by merging the two models, they can mutually enhance their comprehensiveness and overcome their individual conceptual deficits. Therefore we closed a cycle of ecosystem service provision and societal feedback by rethinking and reassembling the core elements of both models. That way, we established a causal sequence apt to describe the causes of change to SES, their effects and their consequences. Finally, to illustrate its functioning we exemplified and discussed our approach based on a case study conducted in the Alpujarra de la Sierra in southern Spain.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0651-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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机译：生态系统服务提供的“级联模型”和驱动程序-压力-状态-影响-响应框架都分别有助于理解社会生态系统（SES）中人与自然的相互作用。然而，正如批评的观点所表明的那样，当在此类系统中再现复杂的因果关系时，它们是有限的分析工具。但是，在本文中，我们指出，通过合并这两种模型，它们可以相互提高其综合性并克服各自的概念缺陷。因此，我们通过重新思考和重新组合两个模型的核心要素，从而结束了生态系统服务提供和社会反馈的循环。这样，我们建立了一个因果序列，易于描述SES变更的原因，其影响及其后果。最后，为了说明其功能，我们以在西班牙南部的Alpujarra de la Sierra进行的案例研究为例对我们的方法进行了示例和讨论。电子补充材料本文的在线版本（doi：10.1007 / s13280-015-0651-y）包含补充材料，授权用户可以使用。
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