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Effects of Extreme Obliquity Variations on the Habitability of Exoplanets

机译:极端倾角变化对系外行星宜居性的影响

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摘要

We explore the impact of obliquity variations on planetary habitability in hypothetical systems with high mutual inclination. We show that large-amplitude, high-frequency obliquity oscillations on Earth-like exoplanets can suppress the ice-albedo feedback, increasing the outer edge of the habitable zone. We restricted our exploration to hypothetical systems consisting of a solar-mass star, an Earth-mass planet at 1 AU, and 1 or 2 larger planets. We verified that these systems are stable for 108 years with N-body simulations and calculated the obliquity variations induced by the orbital evolution of the Earth-mass planet and a torque from the host star. We ran a simplified energy balance model on the terrestrial planet to assess surface temperature and ice coverage on the planet's surface, and we calculated differences in the outer edge of the habitable zone for planets with rapid obliquity variations. For each hypothetical system, we calculated the outer edge of habitability for two conditions: (1) the full evolution of the planetary spin and orbit and (2) the eccentricity and obliquity fixed at their average values. We recovered previous results that higher values of fixed obliquity and eccentricity expand the habitable zone, but we also found that obliquity oscillations further expand habitable orbits in all cases. Terrestrial planets near the outer edge of the habitable zone may be more likely to support life in systems that induce rapid obliquity oscillations as opposed to fixed-spin planets. Such planets may be the easiest to directly characterize with space-borne telescopes. Key Words: Exoplanets—Habitable zone—Energy balance models. Astrobiology 14, 277–291.
机译:我们探索了倾角变化对具有高相互倾角的假设系统中行星宜居性的影响。我们表明,像地球系外行星上的大振幅,高频倾角振荡可以抑制冰-反照率的反馈,从而增加了可居住区的外缘。我们将探索仅限于由太阳质量恒星,1 AU处的地球质量行星以及1或2个较大的行星组成的假想系统。我们通过N体模拟验证了这些系统在10 8 年内是稳定的,并计算了由地球质量行星的轨道演变和来自主恒星的转矩引起的倾角变化。我们在地球行星上运行了一个简化的能量平衡模型,以评估行星表面的表面温度和冰覆盖度,并针对斜率快速变化的行星计算了可居住区外缘的差异。对于每个假设系统,我们在两个条件下计算了可居住性的外缘:(1)行星自旋和轨道的完整演化;(2)固定在其平均值的偏心率和倾角。我们恢复了先前的结果,即较高的固定倾角和偏心率值扩展了可居住区,但我们还发现,在所有情况下,倾角振荡都会进一步扩展可居住轨道。与固定自转行星相反,可居住区外缘附近的地​​球行星更有可能维持生命,该系统会引起快速的倾角振荡。这类行星可能最容易用星载望远镜来表征。关键词:系外行星-可居住区-能量平衡模型。天体生物学14,277-291。

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