Understanding the charge transport properties of redox active metal–organic conjugated wires

摘要

Layer-by-layer assembly of the dirhodium complex [Rh2(O2CCH3)4] (Rh2) with linear N,N′-bidentate ligands pyrazine (LS) or 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene (LL) on a gold substrate has developed two series of redox active molecular wires, (Rh2LS)n@Au and (Rh2LL)n@Au (n = 1–6). By controlling the number of assembling cycles, the molecular wires in the two series vary systematically in length, as characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and atomic force microscopy. The current–voltage characteristics recorded by conductive probe atomic force microscopy indicate a mechanistic transition for charge transport from voltage-driven to electrical field-driven in wires with n = 4, irrespective of the nature and length of the wires. Whilst weak length dependence of electrical resistance is observed for both series, (Rh2LL)n@Au wires exhibit smaller distance attenuation factors (β) in both the tunneling (β = 0.044 Å^–1) and hopping (β = 0.003 Å^–1) regimes, although in (Rh₂L_S)_n@Au the electronic coupling between the adjacent Rh₂ centers is stronger. DFT calculations reveal that these wires have a π-conjugated molecular backbone established through π(Rh₂)–π(L) orbital interactions, and (Rh₂L_L)_n@Au has a smaller energy gap between the filled π*(Rh₂) and the empty π*(L) orbitals. Thus, for (Rh₂L_L)_n@Au, electron hopping across the bridge is facilitated by the decreased metal to ligand charge transfer gap, while in (Rh₂L_S)_n@Au the hopping pathway is disfavored likely due to the increased Coulomb repulsion. On this basis, we propose that the super-exchange tunneling and the underlying incoherent hopping are the dominant charge transport mechanisms for shorter (n ≤ 4) and longer (n > 4) wires, respectively, and the Rh₂L subunits in mixed-valence states alternately arranged along the wire serve as the hopping sites.