>Introduction: Pulmonary aspergillosis is a devastating complication in immunocompromised patients. Timing of surgery is controversial and depends on the patients' general condition.>Methods: From 2000 to 2007, 16 patients (mean age 47 years, range 20–64) underwent surgery for pulmonary aspergillosis. All patients were receiving immunosuppressive drugs due to chemotherapy of hematological malignancies, ten with additional bone marrow or stem cell transplantation. Perioperatively, aspergillosis was treated with antifungal agents. If granulocyte numbers in the peripheral blood was below 1.0x109/l, granulocyte stimulating factor and granulocyte transfusions were administered perioperatively.>Results: Four patients underwent lobectomy and wedge resections of the same lung, one patient bilobectomy, two patients lobectomy, eight patients wedge resections of one lung, and one patient wedge resections of both lungs. All patients survived surgery without major complications. Five patients were bone marrow or stem cell transplanted 1, 2, 3, 7 and 10 months after surgery. Three of them died due to recurrence of the underlying malignancy. All other patients are alive and free of fungal disease.>Conclusions: Timing of surgery in the context of antifungal therapy and adequate numbers of granulocytes and platelets in the peripheral blood appear essential for successful surgical therapy and avoidance of major complications.
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