Quinones, which are ubiquitous in nature, can act as sustainable and green electrode materials but face dissolution in organic electrolytes, resulting in fast fading of capacity and short cycle life. We report that quinone electrodes, especially calix[4]quinone (C4Q) in rechargeable metal zinc batteries coupled with a cation-selective membrane using an aqueous electrolyte, exhibit a high capacity of 335 mA h g−1 with an energy efficiency of 93% at 20 mA g−1 and a long life of 1000 cycles with a capacity retention of 87% at 500 mA g−1. The pouch zinc batteries with a respective depth of discharge of 89% (C4Q) and 49% (zinc anode) can deliver an energy density of 220 Wh kg−1 by mass of both a C4Q cathode and a theoretical Zn anode. We also develop an electrostatic potential computing method to demonstrate that carbonyl groups are active centers of electrochemistry. Moreover, the structural evolution and dissolution behavior of active materials during discharge and charge processes are investigated by operando spectral techniques such as IR, Raman, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopies. Our results show that batteries using quinone cathodes and metal anodes in aqueous electrolyte are reliable approaches for mass energy storage.
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机译:本质上普遍存在的醌类可以作为可持续的绿色电极材料,但会溶解在有机电解质中,从而导致容量快速衰减和循环寿命短。我们报告说,醌电极,特别是可充电金属锌电池中的杯[4]醌(C4Q),再加上使用水性电解质的阳离子选择性膜,具有335 mA hg -1 sup>的高容量,在20 mA g -1 sup>时的能量效率为93%,寿命1000年,在500 mA g -1 sup>时的容量保持率为87%。分别具有89%(C4Q)和49%(锌阳极)放电深度的袋装锌电池,按C4Q阴极和阴极质量计算,其能量密度均可以达到220 Wh kg -1 sup>。理论锌阳极。我们还开发了一种静电势计算方法,以证明羰基是电化学的活性中心。此外,通过诸如IR,拉曼和紫外可见光谱的操作光谱技术研究了活性物质在放电和充电过程中的结构演变和溶解行为。我们的结果表明,在含水电解质中使用醌阴极和金属阳极的电池是可靠的大规模能量存储方法。
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