Joint Action of O3 and SO2 in Modifying Plant Gas Exchange

摘要

The joint action of O3 and SO2 stress on plants was investigated by determining the quantitative relationship between air pollutant fluxes and effects on stomatal conductance. Gas exchange measurements of O3, SO2, and H2O vapor were made for Pisum sativum L. (garden pea). Plants were grown under controlled environments, and O3, SO2, and H2O vapor fluxes were evaluated with a whole-plant gas exchange chamber using the mass-balance approach. Maximum O3 and SO2 fluxes per unit area (2 sided) into leaves averaged 8 nanomoles per square meter per second with exposure to either O3 or SO2 at 0.1 microliters per liter. Internal fluxes of either O3 or SO2 were reduced by up to 50% during exposure to combined versus individual pollutants; the greatest reduction occurred with simultaneous versus sequential combinations of the pollutants. Stomatal conductance to H2O was substantially altered by the pollutant exposures, with O3 molecules twice as effective as SO₂ molecules in inducing stomatal closure. Stomatal conductance was related to the integrated dose of pollutants. The regression equations relating integrated dose to stomatal conductance were similar with O₃ alone, O₃ plus added SO₂, and O₃ plus SO₂ simultaneously; i.e. a dose of 100 micromoles per square meter produced a 39 to 45% reduction in conductance over nonexposed plants. With SO₂ alone, or SO₂ plus added O₃, a dose of 100 micromoles per square meter produced a 20 to 25% reduction in conductance. When O₃ was present at the start of the exposure, then stomatal response resembled that for O₃ more than the response for SO₂. This study indicated that stomatal responses with combinations of O₃ and SO₂ are not dependent solely on the integrated dose of pollutants, but suggests that a metabolic synergistic effect exists.