Scientific innovation depends on finding, integrating, and re-using the products of previous research. Here we explore how recent developments in Web technology, particularly those related to the publication of data and metadata, might assist that process by providing semantic enhancements to journal articles within the mainstream process of scholarly journal publishing. We exemplify this by describing semantic enhancements we have made to a recent biomedical research article taken from PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, providing enrichment to its content and increased access to datasets within it. These semantic enhancements include provision of live DOIs and hyperlinks; semantic markup of textual terms, with links to relevant third-party information resources; interactive figures; a re-orderable reference list; a document summary containing a study summary, a tag cloud, and a citation analysis; and two novel types of semantic enrichment: the first, a Supporting Claims Tooltip to permit “Citations in Context”, and the second, Tag Trees that bring together semantically related terms. In addition, we have published downloadable spreadsheets containing data from within tables and figures, have enriched these with provenance information, and have demonstrated various types of data fusion (mashups) with results from otherresearch articles and with Google Maps. We have also published machine-readable RDFmetadata both about the article and about the references it cites, for which wedeveloped a Citation Typing Ontology, CiTO (). Theenhanced article, which is available at , presents acompelling existence proof of the possibilities of semantic publication. We hope theshowcase of examples and ideas it contains, described in this paper, will excite theimaginations of researchers and publishers, stimulating them to explore thepossibilities of semantic publishing for their own research articles, and therebybreak down present barriers to the discovery and re-use of information withintraditional modes of scholarly communication.
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