Effects of Laser Printer–Emitted Engineered Nanoparticles on Cytotoxicity Chemokine Expression Reactive Oxygen Species DNA Methylation and DNA Damage: A Comprehensive in Vitro Analysis in Human Small Airway Epithelial Cells Macrophages and Lymphoblasts

摘要

Background Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) incorporated into toner formulations of printing equipment become airborne during consumer use. Although information on the complex physicochemical and toxicological properties of both toner powders and printer-emitted particles (PEPs) continues to grow, most toxicological studies have not used the actual PEPs but rather have primarily used raw toner powders, which are not representative of current exposures experienced at the consumer level during printing.