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  • 1.

    【2hr】The Effect of Age on the Prevalence of Obesity among US Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder

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    机译 年龄对美国自闭症谱系障碍青少年肥胖患病率的影响
    摘要：>Background: We sought to assess the association between age and the prevalence of obesity among children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the 2011–2012 National Survey of Children's Health.>Methods: Analyses were restricted to 43,777 children, ages 10–17, with valid measures of parent-reported weight, height, and ASD status. Exploratory analyses describe the impact of sex, race/ethnicity, and household income on the relationship between age and obesity in ASD.>Results: Although the overall prevalence of obesity among children with ASD was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than among children without ASD (23.1% vs. 14.1%, 95% confidence interval for difference 3.6 to 14.4), child age significantly (p = 0.035) modified this difference. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, and household income, the odds of obesity among children with ASD compared with children without ASD increased monotonically from ages 10 to 17 years. This pattern arose due to a consistently high prevalence of obesity among children with ASD and a decline in prevalence with advancing age among children without ASD. These findings were replicated using a propensity score analysis. Exploratory analyses suggested that the age-related change in obesity disparity between children with and without ASD may be further modified by sex, race/ethnicity, and household income.>Conclusions: The patterns of prevalence observed with increasing age among children with and without ASD were unexpected. A better understanding of the etiological and maintenance factors for obesity in youth with ASD is needed to develop interventions tailored to the specific needs of these children.
  • 2.

    【2hr】Fathers Perspectives on Coparenting in the Context of Child Feeding

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    机译 喂养儿童背景下父亲的父母观
    摘要：>Background: In a diverse sample of fathers, this study examined coparenting dynamics specific to (1) how fathers managed responsibilities for food parenting with the child's mother and (2) the extent to which their food parenting practices were co-operative versus conflicting with those of the mother.>Methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted with 37 fathers (38 ± 9.1 years) using a piloted interview guide. Interview questions focused on the division of responsibility in food parenting practices, experiences of consistent versus conflicting practices, and the source and consequences of conflicting practices. The data were analyzed in QSR NVivo 10 using thematic analysis.>Results: Sixty-two percent (N = 23) of fathers reported sharing food parenting responsibilities with the child's mother. Among the remaining fathers, approximately half reported being solely responsible for food parenting (N = 6) and half reported that the mother was solely responsible (N = 8). Fathers reported using a variety of approaches to manage planning, procuring, and preparing food with mothers. Cooperative food parenting practices were reported by approximately half of the fathers in this sample. A large percentage of fathers (40%) also reported instances of conflicting food parenting practices. Conflicting practices typically focused on access to energy-dense, nutrient-poor snacks and introducing variety into the diet. Dissimilarities in practices were driven by differences in parental eating habits, feeding philosophies, and concern for child health, and often resulted in child tantrums or refusal to eat.>Conclusions: This study identifies potential sources of inconsistencies in components of coparenting that would be important to address in future interventions.
  • 3.

    【2hr】Parent-Reported Bullying and Child Weight Gain between Ages 6 and 15

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    机译 家长报告的6至15岁之间的欺凌和儿童体重增加
    摘要：>Background: Childhood bullying has long-term negative mental and physical health correlates, including weight gain and symptoms of depression. The purpose of this research is to examine whether bullying in the first year of school is associated with greater weight gain by early adolescence and whether adolescent depressive symptoms mediate this association.>Methods: Data were drawn from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Children (N = 3929) were measured every 2 years; BMI and waist circumference were available from ages 4 to 15. Parents reported on bullying at age 6. Children reported on their depressive symptoms at ages 12–13.>Results: Participants who weighed in the obese category at age 4 had an over 50% increased risk of being bullied in school at age 6. Being bullied at age 6 was associated with excess weight gain between ages 6 and 15, defined as either BMI or waist circumference. Depressive symptoms at age 12 partially explained the association between bullying and increases in adiposity. None of the associations varied by gender.>Conclusions: Similar to other forms of peer victimization, bullying early in school is associated with greater weight gain through early adolescence; depressive symptom is one mechanism that contributes to this association.
  • 4.

    【2hr】Using Propensity Score Methods To Assess Causal Effects of Mothers Dieting Behavior on Daughters Early Dieting Behavior

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    机译 使用倾向评分法评估母亲节食行为对女儿早期饮食行为的因果关系
    摘要：>Background: A high prevalence of dieting has been reported among preadolescent females. It is important to understand factors influencing the emergence of dieting because dieting is associated with increased likelihood of overeating, greater weight gain over time, and other chronic health problems. Previous studies suggest that mothers' own dieting behavior influences their daughters' dieting (i.e., modeling). Because it is not possible to randomly assign girls to a mother who is dieting versus not dieting, causal inference regarding the effects of mothers' modeling behaviors on daughters' dieting is not straightforward.>Methods: In an observational study, data were collected on four occasions of measurement across a 6-year period, with 2-year intervals between assessments on 181 girls and their parents. Propensity score methods were used to estimate the causal effects of mothers' dieting on the emergence of daughters' dieting between ages 7 and 11, examining the moderating effect of weight status.>Results: Girls whose mothers were currently dieting were significantly more likely to diet before age 11 than those whose mothers were not currently dieting, and this effect did not vary by girls' or mothers' weight status.>Conclusions: We conclude by discussing the implications of the effects of mothers' dieting on daughters' early dieting as well as the potential of propensity score methods in the field of obesity compared with traditional methodology such as regression analysis.
  • 5.

    【2hr】Associations between Diet Behaviors and Measures of Glycemia in Clinical Setting in Obese Adolescents

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    机译 在肥胖青少年中饮食行为与血糖水平之间的关联在临床环境中
    摘要：>Objective: To determine the influence of dietary behaviors, assessed in a clinical setting, on measures of glycemia in overweight and obese adolescents.>Study Design: The study is a retrospective, cross-sectional chart review. Eligible participants were overweight youth (N = 146, age 9–21 years) who attended the Youth Diabetes Prevention Clinic in Indianapolis, IN. Glycemic status was assessed during a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). In the Bright Futures Questionnaire, a recommended clinical tool for assessing unhealthy behaviors in youth, nutrition-specific questions were modified to quantify dietary habits. Associations between dietary habits and measures of glycemia were determined using multiple linear regression models. Skewed data are presented as geometric means and 95% confidence intervals.>Results: Of the 146 adolescents who were assessed [60% girls, age 13.7 years (13.3, 14.0), BMI 33.9 kg/m2 (33.3, 34.5)], 40% were diagnosed with prediabetes. Higher intake of dessert foods was associated with increased glucose levels at 2 hours following the OGTT (β = 0.23, p = 0.004), and higher intake of packaged snack foods was associated with elevated levels of hemoglobin A1c (β = 0.04, p = 0.04), independent of adiposity.>Conclusions: In obese youth, high intakes of dessert and packaged snack items were associated with elevated concentrations of glucose at 2 hours following the OGTT and hemoglobin A1c. Findings demonstrate the usefulness of a modified Bright Futures Questionnaire, used in a clinical setting, for identifying dietary behaviors associated with hyperglycemia in obese adolescents. registration number:
  • 6.

    【2hr】Mediating Mechanisms of Theory-Based Psychosocial Determinants on Behavioral Changes in a Middle School Obesity Risk Reduction Curriculum Intervention Choice Control and Change

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    机译 基于理论的社会心理决定因素对中学肥胖风险降低课程干预选择控制和变化的行为变化的中介机制
    摘要：>Background: A limited number of school-based intervention studies have explored mediating mechanisms of theory-based psychosocial variables on obesity risk behavior changes. The current study investigated how theory-based psychosocial determinants mediated changes in energy balance-related behaviors (EBRBs) among urban youth.>Methods: A secondary analysis study was conducted using data from a cluster randomized controlled trial. Data from students at 10 middle schools in New York City (n = 1136) were used. The intervention, Choice, Control, and Change curriculum, was based on social cognitive and self-determination theories. Theory-based psychosocial determinants (goal intention, cognitive outcome expectations, affective outcome expectations, self-efficacy, perceived barriers, and autonomous motivation) and EBRBs were measured with self-report questionnaires. Mediation mechanisms were examined using structural equation modeling,>Results: Mediating mechanisms for daily sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and purposeful stair climbing were identified. Models with best fit indices (root mean square error of approximation = 0.039/0.045, normed fit index = 0.916/0.882; comparative fit index = 0.945/0.932; Tucker–Lewis index = 0.896/0.882, respectively) suggested that goal intention and reduced perceived barriers were significant proximal mediators for reducing SSB consumption among both boys and girls or increasing physical activity by stair climbing among boys. Cognitive outcome expectations, affective outcome expectations, self-efficacy, and autonomous motivation indirectly mediated behavioral changes through goal intention or perceived barriers (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). The final models explained 25%–27% of behavioral outcome variances.>Conclusions: Theory-based psychosocial determinants targeted in Choice, Control, and Change in fact mediated behavior changes in middle school students. Strategies targeting these mediators might benefit future success of behavioral interventions. Further studies are needed to determine other potential mediators of EBRBs in youth.
  • 7.

    【2hr】Infant Growth following Maternal Participation in a Gestational Weight Management Intervention

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    机译 孕妇参与妊娠体重管理干预后的婴儿生长
    摘要：>Background: Obesity is widespread and treatment strategies have demonstrated limited success. Changes to obstetrical practice in response to obesity may support obesity prevention by influencing offspring growth trajectories.>Methods: This retrospective cohort study examined growth among infants born to obese mothers who participated in Nutrition in Pregnancy (NIP), a prenatal nutrition intervention at one urban hospital. NIP participants had Medicaid insurance and BMIs of 30 kg/m2 or greater. We compared NIP infant growth to a historical control cohort, matched on maternal factors: age, race/ethnicity, prepregnancy BMI, parity, and history of prepregnancy hypertension or preterm birth.>Results: Growth data were available for 61 NIP and 145 control infants. Most mothers were African American (94%). Mean maternal BMI was 39.9 kg/m2 (standard deviation [SD], 5.6) for NIP participants and 38.8 kg/m2 (SD, 6.0) for controls. Pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth, gestational diabetes, and birth weight, did not differ between groups. NIP participants were more likely to attend a postpartum visit (69% vs. 52%; p value, 0.03). At 1 year, 17% of NIP infants and 15% of controls had weight-for-length (WFL) ≥95th percentile (p value, 0.66). Other markers of accelerated infant growth, including crossing WFL percentiles and peak infant BMI, did not differ between groups.>Conclusions: There was no difference in growth between infants whose mothers participated in a prenatal nutrition intervention and those whose mothers did not. Existing prenatal programs for obese women may be inadequate to prevent pediatric obesity without pediatric collaboration to promote family-centered support beyond pregnancy.
  • 8.

    【2hr】Association between Prepregnancy Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain with Size Tempo and Velocity of Infant Growth: Analysis of the Newborn Epigenetic Study Cohort

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    机译 妊娠体重指数与妊娠体重增加与婴儿生长的大小速度和速度之间的关联：新生儿表观遗传研究队列的分析
    摘要：>Background: The first 1000 days of life is a critical period of infant growth that has been linked to future adult health. Understanding prenatal factors that contribute to variation in growth during this period could inform successful prevention strategies.>Methods: Prenatal and maternal characteristics, including prepregnancy obesity and gestational weight gain were evaluated in relation to weight growth trajectories during the first 24 months of life using the SuperImposition by Translation and Rotation (SITAR) method, which provides estimates of infant size, timing to peak velocity, and growth velocity. The study sample included 704 mother-infant dyads from a multiethnic prebirth cohort from the Southeastern United States. The total number of weight measures was 8670 (median number per child = 14).>Results: Several prenatal and maternal characteristics were linked with infant growth parameters. The primary findings show that compared to women with a prepregnancy BMI between 18 and 24.9, women with a prepregnancy BMI ≥40 had infants that were 8% larger during the first 24 months, a delayed tempo of around 9 days, and a slower velocity. Mothers who had greater than adequate gestational weight gain had infants that were 5% larger even after controlling for prepregnancy BMI and several other covariates.>Conclusions: The findings contribute new data on the associations between gestational weight gain and aspects of early growth using the SITAR method, and support a growing consensus in the literature that both prepregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain relate independently to risk for greater postnatal weight growth.
  • 9.

    【2hr】Do Parents Treat Siblings Similarly or Differently with Regard to Feeding Practices Weight-Related Conversations and Support for Physical Activity? An Exploratory Analysis

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    机译 父母在喂养习惯与体重有关的对话以及对体育锻炼的支持方面是否对兄弟姐妹进行相同或不同的对待？探索性分析
    摘要：>Background: It is unknown if parents with more than one adolescent child use similar or different parenting practices of relevance to weight-related health with different children. In particular, it is unclear whether parenting practices differ based on whether siblings are discordant on weight status (i.e., one is overweight/obese, one is nonoverweight/obese) or are different sexes.>Methods: Data from two linked population-based studies, Eating and Activity in Teens (EAT) 2010 and Families and Eating and Activity in Teens (F-EAT), were used in this exploratory cross-sectional analysis. Participants included socioeconomically and racially/ethnically diverse parents (n = 57; 93% females) and adolescent siblings (n = 57 pairs; 60% girls; mean age = 14.5, range = 11–18). Students filled out surveys and had anthropometric measures taken in school. Parents filled out mailed surveys in their homes.>Results: Overall, results from this exploratory study showed limited evidence that parents use different parenting practices with adolescents of different weight status or sex. However, potentially important patterns emerged when exploring parenting practices and siblings' weight status. For example, within sibling dyads with discordant weight status, parents reported significantly more negative weight-related conversations with overweight/obese siblings compared to nonoverweight/obese siblings (p < 0.05). Although observed differences were not statistically significant, parents also reported higher levels of food restriction (p = 0.05) and encouragement to diet (p = 0.07) with overweight/obese siblings compared to nonoverweight/obese siblings. There were no significant differences in parenting practices by adolescent sex.>Conclusions: Results generally suggest that parents use similar parenting practices with adolescent siblings. However, notable patterns emerged when examining parenting practices and siblings' weight status that may be important to explore in future research.
  • 10.

    【2hr】Passive Smoke Exposure and Its Effects on Cognition Sleep and Health Outcomes in Overweight and Obese Children

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    机译 被动吸烟及其对超重和肥胖儿童认知睡眠和健康结果的影响
    摘要：>Background: Passive smoke exposure (PSE) may be a risk factor for childhood overweight and obesity and is associated with worse neurocognitive development, cognition, and sleep in children. The purpose of the study is to examine the effects of PSE on adiposity, cognition, and sleep in overweight and obese children using an objective measure of PSE.>Methods: Overweight or obese children (n = 222) aged 7–11 (9.4 ± 1.1 years; 58% black; 58% female; 85% obese) were recruited from schools near Augusta, Georgia, over the course of the school year from 2003–2006 for a clinical trial, with data analyzed in 2009–2010. Passive smoke exposure was measured with plasma cotinine. Health, cognitive, and sleep measures and parent report of smoke exposure were obtained.>Results: Overweight and obese children with PSE had greater overall and central adiposity than nonexposed overweight and obese children (p < 0.03). However, PSE was unrelated to prediabetes, insulin resistance, or visceral fat. PSE was linked to poorer cognitive scores (p < 0.04) independent of adiposity, but was not related to sleep-disordered breathing.>Conclusions: PSE is associated with fatness and poorer cognition in children. Tailored interventions that target multiple health risk factors including nutrition, physical activity, and tobacco use in children and families are needed to prevent adverse health outcomes related to tobacco use and obesity.
  • 11.

    【2hr】Getting to More Effective Weight Management in Antipsychotic-Treated Youth: A Survey of Barriers and Preferences

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    机译 在经过抗精神病药物治疗的青年中获得更有效的体重管理：障碍和偏好调查
    摘要：>Background: Mentally ill youth are at risk for developing obesity, especially when they require antipsychotic treatment; moreover, they may face unique challenges in adhering to behavioral weight loss interventions. The aims of this project were to characterize the challenges families of youth with psychiatric disorders face when engaging in weight loss treatment and to gather information on attitudes and preferences for weight management interventions in this population.>Methods: We devised a telephone survey to evaluate caregiver-perceived barriers/challenges to and preferences for behavioral weight loss treatment in overweight or obese mentally ill youth ages 6–18 treated with an antipsychotic agent in an outpatient setting.>Results: A total of 26 parents or primary caregivers completed the survey. The most commonly cited barriers to participation in physical activity (PA) and maintaining a healthy diet were child's dislike of PA and child's preference for energy-dense foods, respectively, which were impacted by psychiatric symptoms. Preferences for weight loss treatment included individualized, prescribed meal plans and shopping lists, and exercise support/demonstration, with a preference for Internet or cell phone applications to help with monitoring food intake and exercise.>Conclusions: These results suggest that targets for obesity treatment in this population include individualized, specific support that takes into account the child's motivation, which is effected by psychiatric symptoms. Tools for providing support may include the use of telehealth visits and mobile device applications for self-monitoring.
  • 12.

    【2hr】Adolescent Physical Education Class Participation as a Predictor for Adult Physical Activity

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    机译 青少年体育课参与度可预测成人体育活动
    摘要：>Background: The aim of this study was to determine whether engagement in more physical education (PE) classes during one high school year is associated with change in physical activity (PA) from adolescence to young adulthood.>Methods: Data were from 1774 participants in Waves 2 (high school, 1996) and 4 (young adulthood, 2008) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. The predictor was number of PE classes/week in high school (daily, some, or none). The outcome was change in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (ΔMVPA) over the 12-year period. ΔMVPA was based on differences in MVPA scores derived at each wave from responses to a physical activity behavior recall (range, −9 to 9 scale score or −15 to 15 MVPA episodes/week). Multivariable generalized linear models examined the association between PE participation and ΔMVPA, adjusting for sociodemographics, weight status, and school clustering.>Results: In high school, 34.7% participated in daily PE, whereas 50.1% participated in none. Participation in more PE classes was associated with greater MVPA in high school (mean MVPAW2none = 3.11, standard deviation [SD] = 1.99; mean MVPAW2some = 3.70, SD = 2.00; mean MVPAW2daily = 4.31, SD = 1.95; p < 0.0001). Overall, MVPA decreased over the 12 years (median ΔMVPA = −1.0, or 1–2 MVPA episodes/week). MVPA decreased more for males (median ΔMVPAmale = −1.0, interquartile range [IQR] = −3.0 ± 1.0; median ΔMVPAfemale = 0.0, IQR = −2.0 ± 2.0; p < 0.0001) and those who had participated in some/daily PE (median ΔMVPAsome = −1.0, IQR = −3.0 ± 1.0; median ΔMVPAdaily = −1.0, IQR = −3.0 ± 1.0) than those not in PE (median ΔMVPAnone = 0.0, IQR = −2.0 ± 2.0; p < 0.0001). The relationship between PE and ΔMVPA was maintained in multivariable analyses (βsome = −0.58, standard error [SE] = 0.18; p = 0.002; βdaily = −0.93, SE = 0.16; p < 0.001).>Conclusions: High school PE participation did not prevent declining PA from adolescence to young adulthood.
  • 13.

    【2hr】Early Childhood Screen Time and Parental Attitudes Toward Child Television Viewing in a Low-Income Latino Population Attending the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women Infants and Children

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    机译 参加针对妇女婴儿和儿童的特殊补充营养计划的低收入拉丁裔人口的幼儿屏幕放映时间和父母对儿童电视观看的态度
    摘要：>Background: Early childhood media exposure is associated with obesity and multiple adverse health conditions. The aims of this study were to assess parental attitudes toward childhood television (TV) viewing in a low-income population and examine the extent to which child BMI, child/parent demographics, and household media environment are associated with adherence to American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines for screen time.>Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey study of 314 parents of children ages 0–5 years surveyed in English or Spanish by self-administered questionnaire at a Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) clinic in Oregon.>Results: In this majority Latino sample (73%), half (53%) of the children met AAP guidelines on screen time limits, 56% met AAP guidelines for no TV in the child's bedroom, and 29% met both. Children were more likely to meet AAP guidelines when there were <2 TVs in the home, there was no TV during dinner, or their parents spent less time viewing electronic media. Parents who spent less time viewing electronic media were more likely to report believing that TV provides little value or usefulness.>Conclusions: In this low-income, predominantly Latino population attending WIC, parent media-viewing and household media environment are strongly associated with child screen time. Programs aimed at reducing child screen time may benefit from interventions that address parental viewing habits.
  • 14.

    【2hr】A Conceptual Framework for the Expansion of Behavioral Interventions for Youth Obesity: A Family-Based Mindful Eating Approach

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    机译 扩大青少年肥胖的行为干预的概念框架：基于家庭的正念饮食方法
    摘要：>Background: Currently, over 30% of US youth are overweight and 1 in 6 have metabolic syndrome, making youth obesity one of the major global health challenges of the 21st century. Few enduring treatment strategies have been identified in youth populations, and the majority of standard weight loss programs fail to adequately address the impact of psychological factors on eating behavior and the beneficial contribution of parental involvement in youth behavior change.>Methods: A critical need exists to expand treatment development efforts beyond traditional education and cognitive-behavioral programs and explore alternative treatment models for youth obesity. Meditation-based mindful eating programs represent a unique and novel scientific approach to the current youth obesity epidemic given that they address key psychological variables affecting weight.>Results: The recent expansion of mindfulness programs to include family relationships shows the immense potential for broadening the customarily individual focus of this intervention to include contextual factors thought to influence youth health outcomes.>Conclusions: This article provides an overview of how both mindful eating and family systems theory fits within a conceptual framework in order to guide development of a comprehensive family-based mindful eating program for overweight youth.
  • 15.

    【2hr】Nutrition and Physical Activity Environments of Home-Based Child Care: What Hispanic Providers Have to Say

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    机译 家庭育儿的营养和体育活动环境：西班牙裔提供者必须说些什么
    摘要：>Background: It is important to understand the perceptions and beliefs of family child care providers (FCCPs) regarding which factors influence children's physical activity (PA), screen-time (ST), and dietary behaviors in order to develop and implement appropriate obesity prevention interventions. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore the aforementioned perceptions and beliefs of FCCPs in Rhode Island.>Methods: Four focus groups (n = 30) were held with FCCPs. Providers were female, Hispanic, and Spanish speaking. Providers were asked about different aspects of feeding, PA, and ST behaviors. Themes were coded using NVivo10 (QSR International Pty Ltd, Doncaster, Victoria, Australia). Content analysis was used to analyze final themes.>Results: Providers understood the importance of providing opportunities for healthy eating and PA for the children they cared for, but there was room for improvement, especially with regard to certain feeding and ST practices. Several barriers were evident, including the lack of physical infrastructure for PA, cultural beliefs and practices related to child feeding, and difficulties working with parents to provide consistent messages across environments.>Conclusions: Given that FCCPs are aware of the importance of healthy eating and PA, there is a need to address the specific barriers they face, and operationalize some of their knowledge into practical everyday actions. This formative work will inform the development of a culturally relevant, multicomponent intervention for ethnically diverse FCCPs to improve the food and PA environments of their homes, which should, in turn, improve the dietary, PA, and ST behaviors of the 2- to 5-year-old children they care for.
  • 16.

    【2hr】Body Mass Index Mediates the Effects of Low Income on Preschool Childrens Executive Control with Implications for Behavior and Academics

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    机译 体重指数介导了低收入对学龄前儿童执行控制的影响对行为和学术有影响
    摘要：>Background: Children from low-income backgrounds are more likely to have cognitive impairments, academic problems, and obesity. Biological mechanisms for the relationship between adiposity and neurocognitive functioning have been suggested, but the direction of effects is unclear.>Methods: The relations among income, BMI, and cognitive-behavioral functioning were modeled longitudinally. Children (n = 306) were assessed at 36–39 months (Time 1; T1) and 63–67 months (Time 4; T4) through anthropometry, measures of executive control (EC), delay ability (DA), and questionnaires on academic readiness, social competence, and behavioral adjustment.>Results: Income was positively related to T1 EC and DA and negatively related to T1 BMI. T1 BMI was negatively related to T4 EC, after controlling for T1 EC, but was unrelated to changes in DA. Neither T1 EC nor DA was related to changes in BMI. T4 EC predicted greater academic readiness and social competence and lower adjustment problems at T4. T4 BMI was related to higher T4 adjustment problems. There was an indirect effect of income on T4 EC through T1 BMI. There were indirect effects of T1 BMI on academic readiness, social competence, and adjustment through T4 EC. Children who were obese at T1 had a 19% lower rate of growth of EC, compared to nonobese children.>Conclusions: BMI mediates the effect of income on children's EC and has negative implications for academic readiness, social competence, and behavioral adjustment. The dual impact of obesity and cognitive-behavioral problems underscores the importance of early identification of and intervention for overweight children which could have neurocognitive and social-emotional benefits.>What's New: BMI mediates the effect of income on preschoolers' executive control (EC) and has negative implications for academic readiness and behavioral adjustment. EC and delay ability did not predict changes in BMI. Early identification of, and intervention for, overweight children may have neurocognitive and social-emotional benefits.
  • 17.

    【2hr】Adolescent Obesity and Inflammation in Relation to Colorectal Cancer Risk: Recent Findings and Future Implications

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    机译 青少年肥胖和炎症与大肠癌风险的关系：最新发现和未来意义
    摘要：
  • 18.

    【2hr】Promoting Weight Maintenance among Overweight and Obese Hispanic Children in a Rural Practice

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    机译 在农村实践中促进超重和肥胖的西班牙裔儿童的体重维持
    摘要：>Background: US Hispanic children experience a disproportionate burden of overweight and obesity. Comprehensive high-intensity behavioral programs have demonstrated effectiveness in improving weight status among obese children. However, there remains a need to develop more efficient interventions that are feasible in primary care and demonstrate effectiveness in Hispanic children.>Methods: The pilot study used a two-group randomized design. Eligible overweight (BMI between the 85th and 94th percentile for age and gender) or obese (BMI ≥95th percentile) Hispanic children and their parents (N=118 child/parent dyads) were recruited from a rural pediatric clinic and randomized to: standard care (SC; n=61 dyads) or behavioral intervention (INT; n=57 dyads). The primary outcomes—weight, waist circumference, and zBMI—were measured at baseline, 2, 6, and 18 weeks. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the effect of INT on the likelihood of weight maintenance adjusting for potential confounding variables.>Results: Significantly fewer INT children (68.5%) experienced weight gain, compared to SC children (89.7%; p=0.009). The same pattern was observed for waist circumference, where fewer INT children (44%) experienced an increase in waist circumference, compared to SC children (68.6%; p=0.02). Although a trend of improvement in favor of the INT was observed for zBMI, it was not significant.>Conclusions: This study provides preliminary evidence for the feasibility of a primary-care–based approach to promoting weight maintenance among a high-risk population.
  • 19.

    【2hr】Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Obesity among Children and Adolescents: A Review of Systematic Literature Reviews

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    机译 儿童和青少年的含糖饮料和肥胖：系统文献综述
    摘要：>Background: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents has increased worldwide and has reached alarming proportions. Currently, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are the primary source of added sugar in the diet of children and adolescents. Contradictive findings from studies and reviews have fueled an endless debate on the role of SSBs in the development of childhood obesity.>Methods: The primary aim of the present review of reviews was to assess how review- and study-level methodological factors explain conflicting results across reviews and meta-analyses by providing an up-to-date synthesis of recent evidence regarding the association between SSB consumption and weight gain, overweight, and obesity in a population of 6-month-old to 19-year-old children and adolescents. The secondary aim was to assess the quality of included reviews using the Assessment of Multiple SysTemAtic Reviews (AMSTAR) measurement tool. Systematic literature reviews and meta-analyses were included. The literature search was performed through the platforms Pubmed/Medline, Cinahl, and Web of Knowledge.>Results: Thirteen reviews and meta-analyses were included. Nine reviews concluded that there was a direct association between SSBs and obesity in children and adolescents and four others did not. The quality of the included reviews was low to moderate, and the two reviews with the highest quality scores showed discrepant results.>Conclusions: The majority of reviews concluded that there was a direct association between SSB consumption and weight gain, overweight, and obesity in children and adolescents. However, recent evidence from well-conducted meta-analyses shows discrepant results regarding the association between SSB and weight gain, overweight, and obesity among children and adolescents. Improving methodological quality of studies and reviews as well as ensuring responsible conduct of research and scientific integrity is essential for the provision of objective results.
  • 20.

    【2hr】A Community-Based Intervention Increases Physical Activity and Reduces Obesity in School-Age Children in North Carolina

    包量

    机译 基于社区的干预措施增加了北卡罗莱纳州学龄儿童的体育锻炼并减少肥胖
    摘要：>Background: Community-based interventions are promising approaches to obesity prevention, but few studies have prospectively evaluated them. The aim of this study was to evaluate a natural experiment—a community intervention designed to promote active living and decrease obesity within a small southern town.>Methods: In 2011, community leaders implemented the Mebane on the Move intervention—a community-wide effort to promote physical activity (PA) and decrease obesity among residents of Mebane, North Carolina. We measured child PA and BMI before and after the intervention, using a nearby town not implementing an intervention as the comparison. In total, we assessed 64 children from Mebane and 40 from the comparison community 6 months before, as well as 34 and 18 children 6 months after the intervention. We assessed PA with accelerometers worn for 7 days and calculated BMI z-scores using children's height and weight. We conducted multivariable linear regressions examining pre- to postintervention change in minutes of PA and BMI z-score, adjusting for confounders.>Results: At follow-up, children in Mebane modestly increased their moderate-to-vigorous PA (1.3 minutes per hour; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.2, 2.3; p=0.03) and vigorous activity (0.8 minutes per hour; 95% CI: 0.1, 1.5; p=0.04) more than comparison children. In intervention children, BMI z-scores decreased 0.5 units (kg/m2; 95% CI: −0.9, −0.02; p=0.045), compared to children in the comparison community.>Conclusions: We observed positive effects on PA level and weight status of children in Mebane, despite high rates of attrition, suggesting that the community-based intervention may have been successful.
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