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  • 1.

    【2hr】Skin Hyperpigmentation as the Presenting Symptom of Subacute Combined Degeneration of the Spinal Cord

    包量

    机译 皮肤色素沉着是脊髓亚急性合并变性的表现症状
    摘要：Vitamin B12 deficiency results in hematological, neurological, and rarely dermatological complications. Subacute combined degeneration of the cord is one of the neurological complications, and usually the presenting symptom is paresthesia. Herein, we report a case of a 46-year-old man with subacute combined degeneration presenting with knuckle hyperpigmentation.
  • 2.

    【2hr】Multiple Sclerosis Presenting with Facial Twitching (Myokymia and Hemifacial Spasms)

    包量

    机译 多发性硬化症伴面部抽搐（肌强直和面肌痉挛）
    摘要：Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The etiology is insufficiently understood. Autoimmune, genetic, viral, and environmental factors have been hypothesized. MS is twice as common in women as in men between the ages of 20 and 50 years. There is no known cure for MS. Current medical treatment helps to prevent new attacks and improve function after an attack. MS is diagnosed by physical examination, diagnostic imaging, and examination of cerebral spinal fluid. The most common physical signs and symptoms of MS include constitutional symptoms, muscle weakness, motor and autonomic spinal cord symptoms, paresthesias, and vision changes. Here we present a case of MS diagnosed in a 33-year-old male with facial myokymia of left eyelid, which progressed to left hemifacial spasm. This is an unusual presentation for multiple sclerosis. An awareness of this presentation not only may lead to an earlier diagnosis in some patients but can be a sign of relapse in patients with established multiple sclerosis.
  • 3.

    【2hr】Carotid Endarterectomy in a Patient with Severe Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis with Persistent Trigeminal Artery and Ischemia of the Anterior and Posterior Circulation

    包量

    机译 严重颈内动脉狭窄伴持续性三叉神经动脉狭窄和前，后循环缺血的患者的颈动脉内膜切除术
    摘要：Occurrence of cerebral ischemia in the posterior circulation as a result of severe internal carotid artery disease and persistent trigeminal artery is rare. An 81-year-old man with medical history of hypertension and ischemic stroke presented with dizziness, nausea, and mild dysarthria. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed acute infarcts in the left internal carotid artery territory. CT angiogram revealed a persistent trigeminal artery (PTA) and severe atherosclerosis. The patient developed new neurological symptoms and repeat imaging revealed new acute infarcts in the PTA distribution. After undergoing a left carotid endarterectomy with no complications, the patient was discharged to a skilled nursing facility with no recurrence of ischemic stroke. This case adds a rare complication of an infrequent vascular anomaly to the limited body of the literature.
  • 4.

    【2hr】Why It Is Not Always Anxiety: A Tough Diagnosis of Stiff Person Syndrome

    包量

    机译 为什么并不总是焦虑：僵硬人综合征的艰难诊断
    摘要：Anxiety disorder is a commonly used diagnosis that may mask underlying conditions. Stiff person syndrome (SPS) is a rare neuroimmunological disorder characterized by progressive rigidity and painful muscle spasms affecting axial and lower extremity musculature. These episodes can be triggered by sudden movement, noise, or emotional stress, which may present as a psychiatric condition. We report the case of a 30-year-old female who presented with recurrent panic attacks with multiple prior hospital admissions for anxiety, rigidity, and difficulty in walking. Previous electroencephalogram (EEG) and brain and cervical spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were unremarkable. She was empirically treated with diazepam and beta-blockers for SPS, which was confirmed by positive glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies. The patient's symptoms became refractory to benzodiazepines and required steroids with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Her rigidity subsequently responded to plasmapheresis. In SPS, antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) most commonly target the GAD antigen on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons. The goal of treatment is to ameliorate symptoms and improve quality of life. Our case of SPS was masked as generalized anxiety disorder for at least six years since onset of symptoms. The criteria for both diagnoses may overlap as seen in this patient.
  • 5.

    【2hr】Rheumatoid Meningitis Occurring during Etanercept Treatment

    包量

    机译 Etanercept治疗期间发生的类风湿性脑膜炎
    摘要：We report a 65-year-old man who had repetitive seizures 6 months after receiving etanercept, methotrexate, and prednisolone for rheumatoid arthritis. Mononuclear cells were mildly increased in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed high intensity along sulci of the frontal and parietal lobes. Brain biopsy revealed lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration in the meninges, confirming the diagnosis of rheumatoid meningitis. After steroid pulse therapy, seizures resolved and clinical findings improved. When etanercept was replaced by tocilizumab, rheumatoid meningitis did not recur. Although TNF-α inhibitors can control joint symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, they may induce rheumatoid meningitis.
  • 6.

    【2hr】Uncommon Etiology for Seizure: Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome

    包量

    机译 癫痫发作的罕见病因：脑高灌注综合征
    摘要：Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome (CHS) is a rare life-threatening complication of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting (CAS) for carotid artery stenosis. The incidence varies between 0 and 3%, depending on the severity of the stenosis, perioperative hypertension, and contralateral carotid stenosis. This case report reports a 53-year-old female patient presenting with decreased alertness and multiple tonic-clonic seizures, in the background of bilateral CEA. She was found to have bilateral carotid stenosis. Her left CEA was performed three months prior and right CEA was four days prior to her current presentation with seizures. After bilateral CEA, the imaging showed extensive pathologic process involving primarily the subcortical white matter and overlying cortex, more on the right cerebral hemisphere. On follow-up six weeks later, she reported no recurrent seizures and imaging showed decrease in abnormal signal intensity of the grey and white matter. This was indicative of near complete resolution of hyperperfusion damage. CHS is a rare complication due to the loss of autoregulation of the cerebrovascular system and increased blood flow status after bilateral CEA. This case is reported because of a rare and unique presentation of seizures in the background of bilateral CEA.
  • 7.

    【2hr】Multiple Spontaneous Intracranial-Extracranial Arterial Dissections in a Patient with Osteogenesis Imperfecta

    包量

    机译 成骨不全症患者的多个自发性颅内-颅外动脉夹层
    摘要：A 40-year-old male with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) was admitted to the hospital with an acute right monoparesis. Diffusion-weighted MRI showed infarction in the territory of the left anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and in the left posterior cerebral artery (PCA). In his vascular imaging, occlusion of the left vertebral artery (VA) starting from V2 segment was consistent with dissection and pseudoaneurysm in the right ACA. We presented this case because of the presence of spontaneous and simultaneous occurrence of both intracranial and extracranial arterial dissections in OI.
  • 8.

    【2hr】Neuromyelitis Optica in a Nepalese Man

    包量

    机译 尼泊尔男子视神经脊髓炎
    摘要：Background Neuromyelitis optica is a severely disabling inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system of autoimmune etiology that mainly affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. Here, we present a case report detailing a patient with tingling and weakness of right upper and lower limbs who was neuromyelitis optica immunoglobulin G-positive.
  • 9.

    【2hr】Accidental Intrathecal Administration of Digoxin in an Elderly Male with End-Stage Renal Disease

    包量

    机译 地高辛对老年晚期肾脏疾病男性的意外鞘内给药。
    摘要：The systemic effects of digoxin toxicity have been well-known. However, there has been no case citing the effects of intrathecal digoxin in light of end-stage renal disease in the elderly. Here, we report on the case of the successful management of accidental intrathecal digoxin administration in an elderly male with end-stage renal disease.
  • 10.

    【2hr】Evolution of Cerebral Atrophy in a Patient with Super Refractory Status Epilepticus Treated with Barbiturate Coma

    包量

    机译 巴比妥类昏迷治疗超难治性癫痫患者脑萎缩的演变
    摘要：Introduction. Status epilepticus is associated with neuronal breakdown. Radiological sequelae of status epilepticus include diffusion weighted abnormalities and T2/FLAIR cortical hyperintensities corresponding to the epileptogenic cortex. However, progressive generalized cerebral atrophy from status epilepticus is underrecognized and may be related to neuronal death. We present here a case of diffuse cerebral atrophy that developed during the course of super refractory status epilepticus management despite prolonged barbiturate coma. Methods. Case report and review of the literature. Case. A 19-year-old male with a prior history of epilepsy presented with focal clonic seizures. His seizures were refractory to multiple anticonvulsants and eventually required pentobarbital coma for 62 days and midazolam coma for 33 days. Serial brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed development of cerebral atrophy at 31 days after admission to our facility and progression of the atrophy at 136 days after admission. Conclusion. This case highlights the development and progression of generalized cerebral atrophy in super refractory status epilepticus. The cerebral atrophy was noticeable at 31 days after admission at our facility which emphasizes the urgency of definitive treatment in patients who present with super refractory status epilepticus. Further research into direct effects of therapeutic coma is warranted.
  • 11.

    【2hr】Is Intravenous Heparin a Contraindication for TPA in Ischemic Stroke?

    包量

    机译 静脉肝素是否可作为缺血性卒中TPA的禁忌症？
    摘要：There are approximately 2 million cardiac catheterizations that occur every year in the United States and with an aging population this number continues to rise. Adverse events due to this procedure occur at low rates and include stroke, arrhythmia, and myocardial infarctions. Due to the high volume of procedures there are a growing number of adverse events. Stroke after cardiac catheterization (SCC) has an incidence between 0.27 and 0.5% and is one of the most debilitating complications leading to high rates of mortality and morbidity. Given the relatively uncommon clinical setting of stroke after cardiac catheterization, treatment protocols regarding the use of IV or IA thrombolysis have not been adequately developed. Herein, we describe a case of a 39-year-old male who developed a stroke following a cardiac catheterization where IV thrombolysis was utilized although the patient was on heparin prior to cardiac catheterization.
  • 12.

    【2hr】Successful Mechanical Thrombectomy of a Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion 14 Hours after Stroke Onset

    包量

    机译 中风发作后14小时成功地对中脑动脉进行机械血栓切除术
    摘要：A 54-year-old patient presented with mild right-sided weakness of hand and face with a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) of 2 and occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) in the M1 segment with a large perfusion deficit on computed tomography (CT). Due to mild neurological deficits no IVT was performed. Nine hours after symptom onset the patient gradually deteriorated with a NIHSS fluctuating between 9 and 15. MRI showed a persistent occlusion of the MCA with a large diffusion-perfusion mismatch. Immediate endovascular thrombectomy was performed 14 hours after symptom onset with complete recanalization and complete clinical recovery. Although mechanical thrombectomy is generally considered an effective alternative strategy up to 8 hours after stroke onset, selected patients with a large diffusion/perfusion mismatch and small infarct cores may benefit from an expanded therapeutic window.
  • 13.

    【2hr】Multimodal Imaging in a Patient with Hemidystonia Responsive to GPi Deep Brain Stimulation

    包量

    机译 对GPi深部脑刺激有反应的肌张力障碍患者的多模式成像。
    摘要：Background Dystonia is a syndrome with varied phenomenology but our understanding of its mechanisms is deficient. With neuroimaging techniques, such as fiber tractography (FT) and magnetoencephalography (MEG), pathway connectivity can be studied to that end. We present a hemidystonia patient treated with deep brain stimulation (DBS).
  • 14.

    【2hr】A Case Report of Isolated Bilateral Cerebral Peduncular Infarction

    包量

    机译 孤立性双侧脑脊髓梗死一例报告
    摘要：Isolated bilateral cerebral peduncular infarctions (BCPI) presenting as acute pseudobulbar palsy are rarely reported and, to the best of our knowledge, most of the previous reports of BCPI were related to locked-in syndrome and disturbance of consciousness. Herein, we described a case of a 55-year-old man who presented with acute pseudobulbar palsy and mild tetraparesis, but preserved eye movements, with no consciousness disturbance. DWI revealed an acute infarction involving the central portion of the cerebral peduncle with a characteristic “traditional Chinese eight character” sign. The relationship between the infarcted range in the cerebral peduncle and the clinical manifestation was discussed in our report.
  • 15.

    【2hr】Corrigendum to “Fatal Vertebral Artery Injury in Penetrating Cervical Spine Trauma”

    包量

    机译 “穿透性颈椎创伤致命性椎动脉损伤”勘误
    摘要：
  • 16.

    【2hr】Mercaptopurine Treatment in an Adult Man with Orbital and Intracranial Rosai-Dorfman Disease

    包量

    机译 巯基嘌呤治疗一名患有眶和颅内Rosai-Dorfman病的成年男子
    摘要：Background. Rosai-Dorfmann disease (RDD) is a rare, idiopathic non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis, affecting children and young adults, that commonly presents as painless, massive cervical lymphadenopathy with fever, weight loss, and polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia. Cervical lymphadenopathy and extranodal involvement are the main presentations. On the contrary, ophthalmic involvement and localisation in the central nervous system are rare. Case Report. An old man was admitted to our hospital for first seizure. Brain imaging studies revealed on the left an extra-axial thickening of the dura mater with enhancement and perilesional oedema, infiltrating the sphenoorbital fissure and an isointense mass with enhancement in the orbital region with dislocation of the optic nerve. Pathological and immunohistochemistry examination of the bioptical specimen was consistent with a diagnosis of RDD. Treatment with levetiracetam and steroids was started obtaining only remission of seizures. Because of the patient refusal of the surgical debulking, therapy with mercaptopurine was started, stopping disease progression. Conclusion. So far, very few cases of extranodal RDD with multiple CNS lesions involving the orbital region have been described. Our case is significant because it is the first case in which the efficacy of mercaptopurine treatment has been documented in an adult patient with isolated ocular and intracranial RDD.
  • 17.

    【2hr】Adult Primary Spinal Epidural Extraosseous Ewing's Sarcoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

    包量

    机译 成人原发性脊柱硬膜外硬膜外肉瘤的病例报告及文献复习
    摘要：Background. Extraosseous Ewing's sarcoma in the spinal epidural space is a rare malignancy, especially in adults. Case Presentation. A 40-year-old male presented with back pain and urinary hesitancy. MRI revealed a thoracic extradural mass with no osseous involvement. He underwent surgery for gross total resection of the mass, which was diagnosed as Ewing's sarcoma. He was subsequently treated with chemoradiotherapy. He remains disease-free 1 year after surgery. Review of the literature indicated only 45 previously reported cases of spinal epidural extraosseous Ewing's sarcoma in adults. Conclusions. Extraosseous Ewing's sarcoma in the spinal epidural space is a rare clinical entity that should be included in the differential for spinal epidural masses. Its treatment is multidisciplinary but frequently requires surgical intervention due to compressive neurologic symptoms. Gross total resection appears to correlate with improved outcomes.
  • 18.

    【2hr】Bilateral Moyamoya Disease in a 2-Year-Old Pakistani Male Treated with Bilateral Encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis: A Positive Outcome

    包量

    机译 2岁巴基斯坦男性经双侧脑十二指肠动脉粥样硬化性血管病治疗的双边烟雾病：阳性结果
    摘要：Background. We present a rare case of bilateral moyamoya disease presenting as multiple strokes and neurological deficits, treated with the neurosurgical procedure, encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis (EDAS), in a 2-year-old male Pakistani minor. A positive outcome was achieved and the patient recovered fully. Case Summary. Our patient presented with a history of seizures and multiple episodes of hemiparesis (on and off weakness) at the age of 2 years. He had a delayed speech development and could not speak more than a few words. He had a slight slurring of speech too. He was diagnosed with bilateral moyamoya disease on Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA). Bilateral EDAS was done in the same year, after which his symptoms improved and patient had moderate functional recovery. Conclusion. A rare disease, moyamoya has been left unexplored in Pakistan; physicians and surgeons when dealing with cases in the pediatric population presenting with symptoms of stroke, signs of generalized weakness, and seizures should consider moyamoya disease as a possibility. Furthermore, this case demonstrates the effectiveness of EDAS procedure for the treatment of moyamoya disease.
  • 19.

    【2hr】An Overlapping Case of Miller Fisher Syndrome, Bickerstaff's Encephalitis, and the ASMAN Variant of Guillain-Barre Syndrome

    包量

    机译 米勒·费雪综合症，比克斯塔夫脑炎和格林－巴利综合症的ASMAN变异病例重叠
    摘要：A 56-year-old man presented with a 3-day history of progressive tingling of the hands, unsteadiness, and diplopia. He was initially diagnosed clinically with Miller Fisher Syndrome (MFS) but later developed limb weakness consistent with Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) and subsequently reduced consciousness consistent with Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis (BBE). Neurophysiology revealed an axonal motor and sensory neuropathy, in keeping with the Acute Motor and Sensory Axonal Neuropathy (AMSAN) variant of GBS. We believe that our patient had an MFS-AMSAN-BBE overlap syndrome. This is supported by his glycolipid antibody profile with high titres of anti-GQ1b IgG antibody and anti-GD1a IgG antibody. Anti-GQ1b antibodies are frequently found in both MFS and BBE and the anti-GD1a antibody is associated with axonal forms of GBS. Overlapping cases of MFS and BBE are well described, and because the same antibody is often found in both conditions, it is thought that they share a common autoimmune mechanism. BBE has also been previously reported in association with GBS lending support that it also lies on the same spectrum. This overlapping case of ASMAN variant of GBS, MFS, and BBE provides further support that these conditions are part of the same spectrum.
  • 20.

    【2hr】Hemorrhagic Longitudinally Extensive Transverse Myelitis

    包量

    机译 出血性纵向广泛性横贯性脊髓炎
    摘要：Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) may be associated with viral triggers, including both infections and vaccinations. We present a case of a healthy immunocompetent 33-year-old woman who developed a hemorrhagic LETM 2 weeks after seasonal influenza vaccination. Hemorrhagic LETM has not to our knowledge been reported after influenza vaccination. It may represent a forme fruste variant of acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis.
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