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  • 刊频： Monthly, 1999-
  • NLM标题： Bull World Health Organ
  • iso缩写： -
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共11963条结果
  • 1.

    【2hr】Herpes simplex virus: global infection prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016

    包量

    机译 单纯疱疹病毒：2016年全球感染率和发生率估算
    摘要：To generate global and regional estimates for the prevalence and incidence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and type 2 infection for 2016.
  • 2.

    【2hr】Evidence of behaviour change during an Ebola virus disease outbreak, Sierra Leone

    包量

    机译 埃博拉病毒病暴发期间行为改变的证据，塞拉利昂
    摘要：To evaluate changes in Ebola-related knowledge, attitudes and prevention practices during the Sierra Leone outbreak between 2014 and 2015.
  • 3.

    【2hr】Cost–effectiveness of emergency care interventions in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review

    包量

    机译 中低收入国家紧急护理干预措施的成本效益：系统评价
    摘要：To systematically review and appraise the quality of cost–effectiveness analyses of emergency care interventions in low- and middle-income countries.
  • 4.

    【2hr】The evolution of community-based primary health care, Slovenia

    包量

    机译 斯洛文尼亚基于社区的初级卫生保健的演变
    摘要：Slovenia’s model of primary health care relied on reactive, episodic care and was ill-equipped to address the country’s burden of disease dominated by noncommunicable diseases.
  • 5.

    【2hr】Reducing antibiotic use in livestock, China

    包量

    机译 减少家畜抗生素的使用，中国
    摘要：Antibiotic exposure of livestock poses risks to human health. These risks include the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in livestock and their potential spread to humans by faecal-oral transmission and also through consumption of antibiotic residues in animal food products. This exposure drives antibiotic selection pressures in the human gut microbiome.
  • 6.

    【2hr】Standardized epidemiological protocols for populations affected by volcanic eruptions

    包量

    机译 受火山爆发影响的人群的标准化流行病学方案
    摘要：Volcanic eruptions can have far-reaching consequences for human health, including injuries, illnesses and deaths. One study estimates that over 270 000 people lost their lives in volcanic episodes between 1600 and 2010, with 600 million people currently living in areas of risk. Following an eruption, air quality can be significantly deteriorated. Since airborne ash and gases from volcanic emissions may affect the respiratory system, the public may be concerned over the potential health effects, particularly those most exposed or most vulnerable. Studies of the health impacts associated with volcanic hazards started with the eruption of Mount St. Helens, United States of America, in 1980. Since then, studies, mainly conducted in high-income countries, have identified mostly reversible, short-term respiratory outcomes, with few studies undertaken for chronic outcomes.
  • 7.

    【2hr】Improving prevention, recognition and treatment of noma

    包量

    机译 改善对诺玛的预防，认识和治疗
    摘要：Global consultations are ongoing in preparation for the launch of World Health Organization’s (WHO) new roadmap for neglected tropical diseases. These consultations will set out the strategic direction for treatment and prevention of these diseases in the coming decade. We therefore argue that it is timely to assess the global progress on noma, a disease endemic to tropical areas and neglected in terms of detection, prevention, treatment, research and policy.
  • 8.

    【2hr】Regulations to reduce risk of hearing damage in concert venues

    包量

    机译 减少音乐会场地听力受损风险的法规
    摘要：In 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) convened a group of researchers and industry experts to tackle the risk of noise-induced hearing loss from loud music exposure because of personal listening devices and entertainment venues. The initiative has recently turned its attention to regulatory processes aimed at the protection of hearing at music venues. WHO estimates that 1.1 billion young people are at risk from recreational sound exposure, with attendees at concerts, nightclubs and bars exposed to sound levels that regularly exceed a continuous equivalent sound level of 100 dB. This degree of exposure puts regular attendees at risk of developing disabling hearing loss and permanent tinnitus. These conditions adversely affect an individual’s ability to communicate, leading to social isolation and poor educational and employment outcomes. Such outcomes have a significant impact at the individual and societal level.
  • 9.

    【2hr】A monitoring and evaluation gap for WHO’s community health worker guidelines, Botswana

    包量

    机译 世卫组织社区卫生工作者指南在博茨瓦纳的监测和评估差距
    摘要：Since the Alma-Alta Declaration in 1978, community health workers (CHWs) have been recognized as an important component of primary care. A World Health Organization (WHO) review found 71 publications providing evidence for the effectiveness of CHWs in areas such as maternal and child health, infectious diseases and noncommunicable diseases. The evidence came from publications and stakeholder interviews in both high and low- and middle-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and the Americas. Weak or no evidence for the effectiveness of CHWs was found only for diabetes and cancer care in low- and middle-income countries and for malaria in high-income countries.
  • 10.

    【2hr】In this month’s Bulletin

    包量

    机译 在本月的公告中
    • 作者：
    • 刊名：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
    • 2020年第4期
    摘要：This month’s theme issue is on the ethics of applying artificial intelligence to the health sector. In the editorial section, Kenneth Goodman et al. (230) introduce the World Health Organization’s expert group on artificial intelligence in health and Bernardo Mariano (231) describes its global strategy on digital health. Flavia Bustreo and Marcel Tanner (232) imagine inclusive provision of health services in a digital age.
  • 11.

    【2hr】Balancing risks and benefits of artificial intelligence in the health sector

    包量

    机译 平衡卫生部门人工智能的风险和收益
    摘要：During the last decade, enhanced computing power and the availability of large amounts of data have prompted the practical use of artificial intelligence in health care. Health and medical journals now commonly include reports on machine learning and big data, and descriptions of the risks posed by, and the governance required to manage, this technology. Machine learning algorithms are used to make diagnoses, identify treatments and analyse public health threats, and these systems can learn and improve continuously in response to new data.
  • 12.

    【2hr】Towards a global strategy on digital health

    包量

    机译 迈向数字健康全球战略
    • 作者：Bernardo Mariano
    • 刊名：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
    • 2020年第4期
    摘要：The promise, opportunity and challenges of artificial intelligence in the health-care sector have captured the attention of academia, governments, civil society, the United Nations and nongovernmental organizations. The private sector, and more specifically the technology industry, is investing in artificial intelligence with acquisitions of life science companies and hiring health professionals to accelerate innovations in this field. Academia is introducing medical digital technologies in curricula and engaging in research programmes on digital health. Governments and nongovernmental organizations are actively engaged in many promising pilots, but are unable to align all pilots to countries’ needs and priorities.
  • 13.

    【2hr】How do we reimagine health in a digital age?

    包量

    机译 在数字时代，我们如何重塑健康？
    摘要：Digital technologies, such as artificial intelligence, offer innovative solutions to some of the challenges of the sustainable development goals, particularly in resource-constrained settings. Digital solutions and artificial intelligence have the potential to transform health care and improve access to services by addressing financial, social or geographic factors. The digital future appears positive; however, we must also consider new ethical and human rights risks arising from the application of these technological developments in public health.
  • 14.

    【2hr】Public health round-up

    包量

    机译 公共卫生综述
    • 作者：
    • 刊名：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
    • 2020年第4期
    摘要：A WHO Ebola vaccination team working in the city of Butembo on 01 January 2019. The commitment and hard work of health professionals has been crucial in tackling the Ebola virus disease outbreak which was first declared in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2018 and now appears to be winding down.
  • 15.

    【2hr】Regulating digital health

    包量

    机译 监管数字健康
    • 作者：
    • 刊名：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
    • 2020年第4期
    摘要：Realizing the potential of digital health requires overcoming its inherent risks. Gary Humphreys reports.
  • 16.

    【2hr】Tze-Yun Leong: the need for intelligent regulation

    包量

    机译 梁子云：智能监管的需求
    • 作者：
    • 刊名：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
    • 2020年第4期
    摘要：Tze-Yun Leong talks to Gary Humphreys about the challenges faced in realizing the potential of digital health.
  • 17.

    【2hr】Defining ethical standards for the application of digital tools to population health research

    包量

    机译 定义将数字工具应用于人口健康研究的道德标准
    摘要：There is growing interest in population health research, which uses methods based on artificial intelligence. Such research draws on a range of clinical and non-clinical data to make predictions about health risks, such as identifying epidemics and monitoring disease spread. Much of this research uses data from social media in the public domain or anonymous secondary health data and is therefore exempt from ethics committee scrutiny. While the ethical use and regulation of digital-based research has been discussed, little attention has been given to the ethics governance of such research in higher education institutions in the field of population health. Such governance is essential to how scholars make ethical decisions and provides assurance to the public that researchers are acting ethically. We propose a process of ethics governance for population health research in higher education institutions. The approach takes the form of review after the research has been completed, with particular focus on the role artificial intelligence algorithms play in augmenting decision-making. The first layer of review could be national, open-science repositories for open-source algorithms and affiliated data or information which are developed during research. The second layer would be a sector-specific validation of the research processes and algorithms by a committee of academics and stakeholders with a wide range of expertise across disciplines. The committee could be created as an off-shoot of an already functioning national oversight body or health technology assessment organization. We use case studies of good practice to explore how this process might operate.
  • 18.

    【2hr】Artificial intelligence and the ongoing need for empathy, compassion and trust in healthcare

    包量

    机译 人工智能以及对医疗服务的同情，同情和信任的持续需求
    • 作者：Angeliki Kerasidou
    • 刊名：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
    • 2020年第4期
    摘要：Empathy, compassion and trust are fundamental values of a patient-centred, relational model of health care. In recent years, the quest for greater efficiency in health care, including economic efficiency, has often resulted in the side-lining of these values, making it difficult for health-care professionals to incorporate them in practice. Artificial intelligence is increasingly being used in health care. This technology promises greater efficiency and more free time for health-care professionals to focus on the human side of care, including fostering trust relationships and engaging with patients with empathy and compassion. This article considers the vision of efficient, empathetic and trustworthy health care put forward by the proponents of artificial intelligence. The paper suggests that artificial intelligence has the potential to fundamentally alter the way in which empathy, compassion and trust are currently regarded and practised in health care. Moving forward, it is important to re-evaluate whether and how these values could be incorporated and practised within a health-care system where artificial intelligence is increasingly used. Most importantly, society needs to re-examine what kind of health care it ought to promote.
  • 19.

    【2hr】Artificial intelligence in health care: accountability and safety

    包量

    机译 卫生保健中的人工智能：问责制和安全性
    摘要：The prospect of patient harm caused by the decisions made by an artificial intelligence-based clinical tool is something to which current practices of accountability and safety worldwide have not yet adjusted. We focus on two aspects of clinical artificial intelligence used for decision-making: moral accountability for harm to patients; and safety assurance to protect patients against such harm. Artificial intelligence-based tools are challenging the standard clinical practices of assigning blame and assuring safety. Human clinicians and safety engineers have weaker control over the decisions reached by artificial intelligence systems and less knowledge and understanding of precisely how the artificial intelligence systems reach their decisions. We illustrate this analysis by applying it to an example of an artificial intelligence-based system developed for use in the treatment of sepsis. The paper ends with practical suggestions for ways forward to mitigate these concerns. We argue for a need to include artificial intelligence developers and systems safety engineers in our assessments of moral accountability for patient harm. Meanwhile, none of the actors in the model robustly fulfil the traditional conditions of moral accountability for the decisions of an artificial intelligence system. We should therefore update our conceptions of moral accountability in this context. We also need to move from a static to a dynamic model of assurance, accepting that considerations of safety are not fully resolvable during the design of the artificial intelligence system before the system has been deployed.
  • 20.

    【2hr】How to achieve trustworthy artificial intelligence for health

    包量

    机译 如何实现可信赖的人工智能健康
    摘要：Artificial intelligence holds great promise in terms of beneficial, accurate and effective preventive and curative interventions. At the same time, there is also awareness of potential risks and harm that may be caused by unregulated developments of artificial intelligence. Guiding principles are being developed around the world to foster trustworthy development and application of artificial intelligence systems. These guidelines can support developers and governing authorities when making decisions about the use of artificial intelligence. The High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence set up by the European Commission launched the report in 2019. The report aims to contribute to reflections and the discussion on the ethics of artificial intelligence technologies also beyond the countries of the European Union (EU). In this paper, we use the global health sector as a case and argue that the EU’s guidance leaves too much room for local, contextualized discretion for it to foster trustworthy artificial intelligence globally. We point to the urgency of shared globalized efforts to safeguard against the potential harms of artificial intelligence technologies in health care.
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