>Background: The study of the distribution of brain cancer mortality in Spain shows a grouping of highest risk provinces corresponding to the autonomous regions of Navarre and the Basque Country. >Aim: To explore the possible existence of geographical patterns in these areas. >Methods: Municipal maps of brain cancer incidence were drawn up and the influence of land use related variables on the distribution of the disease duly analysed. Autoregressive conditional models were used to plot smoothed municipal maps. The influence of explanatory land use variables, ascertained by remote sensing, was assessed. >Results: The maps revealed that certain towns situated in the "Media" and "Cantábrica-Baja Montaña" districts of Navarre were areas of highest risk. Among the towns in question, those in the "Media" district lie very close to the city of Pamplona. However, the pattern of brain cancer incidence in Navarre and the Basque Country could not be conclusively said to be determined by any specific type of land cover and/or crop. >Conclusions: Results suggest a possible increase of risk linked to areas devoted to a high percentage of non-irrigated arable land.
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