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共1179条结果
  • 1.

    【2hr】Nonneurocognitive Extended Consciousness

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    机译 非神经认知扩展意识
    摘要：
  • 2.

    【2hr】The Role of Atomic Repertoires in Complex Behavior

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    机译 原子库在复杂行为中的作用
    • 作者：David C Palmer
    • 刊名：The Behavior Analyst
    • 2012年第1期
    摘要：Evolution and reinforcement shape adaptive forms and adaptive behavior through many cycles of blind variation and selection, and therein lie their parsimony and power. Human behavior is distinctive in that this shaping process is commonly “short circuited”: Critical variations are induced in a single trial. The processes by which this economy is accomplished have a common feature: They all exploit one or more atomic repertoires, elementary units of behavior each under control of a distinctive stimulus. By appropriate arrangements of these discriminative stimuli, an indefinite number of permutations of atomic units can be evoked. When such a permutation satisfies a second contingency, it can come under control of the relevant context, and the explicit arrangement of discriminative stimuli will no longer be required. Consequently, innovations in adaptive behavior can spread rapidly through the population. A consideration of atomic repertoires informs our interpretation of generalized operants and other phenomena that are otherwise difficult to explain. Observational learning is discussed as a case in point.
  • 3.

    【2hr】Neuroscientific Measures of Covert Behavior

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    机译 秘密行为的神经科学测量
    • 作者：Daniele Ortu
    • 刊名：The Behavior Analyst
    • 2012年第1期
    摘要：In radical behaviorism, the difference between overt and covert responses does not depend on properties of the behavior but on the sensitivity of the measurement tools employed by the experimenter. Current neuroscientific research utilizes technologies that allow measurement of variables that are undetected by the tools typically used by behavior analysts. Data from a specific neuroscientific technique, event-related potential (ERP), suggest that emission of otherwise covert responses can be indexed and that such covert responses are sensitive to stimulus control and selection by consequences. The P3 ERP effect is proposed as indicative of emission. Moreover, ERP results in semantic priming experiments suggest that operants are sensitive to changes in stimulus control even when they are not emitted (latent responses). Changes in response strength of latent responses as a function of stimulus control can in fact be measured by reaction time data and an ERP dependent variable called the N400 effect. If the interpretations provided in this paper are accurate, an index of covertly emitted operants (P3 effect) constitutes experimental evidence suggesting the validity of a Skinnerian radical behaviorist perspective on behavior. Moreover, in a Skinnerian paradigm, measured fluctuations in the response strength of latent operants as a function of environmental changes (N400 effect) would validate Palmer's (2009) concept of the repertoire.
  • 4.

    【2hr】Motivating Operations Affect Stimulus Control: A Largely Overlooked Phenomenon in Discrimination Learning

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    机译 激励性操作影响刺激控制：歧视学习中的一个被忽视的现象
    摘要：Several recent studies have explored what Michael (e.g., 1982) termed the value-altering effect and the behavior-altering effect of motivating operations. One aspect of the behavior-altering effect that has garnered no recent attention involves changes in stimulus control produced by motivating operations. To call attention to this aspect of the behavior-altering effect, we herein review 11 studies that are concerned with the influence of varying levels of food or water deprivation on stimulus generalization. These studies suggest that motivating operations influence stimulus control (a) by changing the evocative strength of not just an established discriminative stimulus, but also of stimuli that are physically similar to it; (b) by changing the range of stimuli that evoke the operant in question; and (c) by exerting these effects in a graded fashion. These findings are potentially of conceptual and applied significance, and it appears that further research examining how motivating operations alter stimulus control, including some studies suggested herein, is warranted.
  • 5.

    【2hr】Evolution of Research on Interventions for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Implications for Behavior Analysts

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    机译 自闭症谱系障碍患者干预研究的研究进展：对行为分析师的启示
    • 作者：Tristram Smith
    • 刊名：The Behavior Analyst
    • 2012年第1期
    摘要：The extraordinary success of behavior-analytic interventions for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has fueled the rapid growth of behavior analysis as a profession. One reason for this success is that for many years behavior analysts were virtually alone in conducting programmatic ASD intervention research. However, that era has ended. Many investigators from other disciplines are now carrying out large-scale intervention studies and beginning to report successes of their own. The increasing number and range of studies has the potential to improve services for individuals with ASD, and it challenges behavior analysts to intensify their research efforts.
  • 6.

    【2hr】B. F. Skinner: The Writer and His Definition of Verbal Behavior

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    机译 B. F.斯金纳：作家及其对言语行为的定义
    摘要：Skinner's definition of verbal behavior, with its brief and refined versions, has recently become a point of controversy among behavior analysts. Some of the arguments presented in this controversy might be based on a misreading of writings. An examination of Skinner's correspondence with editors of scientific journals shows his sophisticated mastery of English and his knowledge of contemporary approaches of linguistics, and might help to settle the meaning of the passages involved in the controversy. A more precise definition of verbal behavior, deduced from Skinner's distinction between verbal and nonverbal operants, is suggested, and a possible reason why Skinner did not define verbal behavior in the terms proposed by this alternative definition is discussed. The alternative definition is more compatible with a functional approach to behavior and highlights what is specific to verbal behavior by pointing to the conventions of the verbal community. Some possible consequences of adopting this alternative definition are described.
  • 7.

    【2hr】Gerald L. Shook (1948–2011)

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    机译 杰拉尔德·L·舒克（1948–2011）
    摘要：
  • 8.

    【2hr】On Critchfields Proposal: Student Concerns and Recommendations

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    机译 关于克里奇菲尔德的建议：学生的担忧和建议
    摘要：
  • 9.

    【2hr】Common Goals for the Science and Practice of Behavior Analysis: A Response to Critchfield

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    机译 行为分析科学与实践的共同目标：对克里奇菲尔德的回应
    摘要：
  • 10.

    【2hr】Our Overt Behavior Makes Us Human

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    机译 我们的公开行为使我们成为人
    • 作者：Howard Rachlin
    • 刊名：The Behavior Analyst
    • 2012年第1期
    摘要：
  • 11.

    【2hr】Making IBMs Computer Watson Human

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    机译 制造IBM的计算机沃森人类
    • 作者：Howard Rachlin
    • 刊名：The Behavior Analyst
    • 2012年第1期
    摘要：This essay uses the recent victory of an IBM computer (Watson) in the TV game, Jeopardy, to speculate on the abilities Watson would need, in addition to those it has, to be human. The essay's basic premise is that to be human is to behave as humans behave and to function in society as humans function. Alternatives to this premise are considered and rejected. The viewpoint of the essay is that of teleological behaviorism. Mental states are defined as temporally extended patterns of overt behavior. From this viewpoint (although Watson does not currently have them), essential human attributes such as consciousness, the ability to love, to feel pain, to sense, to perceive, and to imagine may all be possessed by a computer. Most crucially, a computer may possess self-control and may act altruistically. However, the computer's appearance, its ability to make specific movements, its possession of particular internal structures (e.g., whether those structures are organic or inorganic), and the presence of any nonmaterial “self,” are all incidental to its humanity.
  • 12.

    【2hr】Consideration of Private Events is Required in a Comprehensive Science of Behavior

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    机译 综合行为科学需要考虑私人事件
    • 作者：David C Palmer
    • 刊名：The Behavior Analyst
    • 2011年第2期
    摘要：
  • 13.

    【2hr】Baums Private Thoughts

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    机译 鲍姆的私人思想
    • 作者：Howard Rachlin
    • 刊名：The Behavior Analyst
    • 2011年第2期
    摘要：
  • 14.

    【2hr】Has Radical Behaviorism Lost Its Right to Privacy?

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    机译 激进的行为主义丧失了隐私权吗？
    摘要：
  • 15.

    【2hr】Private versus Inner in Multiscaled Interpretation

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    机译 多尺度解释中的私人与内在
    摘要：
  • 16.

    【2hr】On Baums Public Claim That He Has No Significant Private Events

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    机译 关于鲍姆的公开宣称他没有重大私人活动
    摘要：
  • 17.

    【2hr】Editorial

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    机译 社论
    摘要：
  • 18.

    【2hr】To a Young Basic Scientist About to Embark on a Program of Translational Research

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    机译 对于即将开始进行转化研究计划的年轻基础科学家
    摘要：From recent commentaries about the role of basic behavior scientists in translational research, I distill some advice to young investigators who seek to apply their basic science training to translational studies. Among the challenges are (a) devising use-inspired research programs that complement, and are not redundant with, existing efforts in basic and applied behavior analysis; and (b) making tactical decisions, such as the selection of methods and collaborators, based on the research topic rather than, necessarily, the existing traditions in behavioral research. Finally, it must be recognized that although use-inspired basic research has the potential to attract support to basic laboratories and contribute to “saving the world,” neither of these outcomes is guaranteed. I discuss the relative risks for basic scientists who proceed with use-inspired basic research rather than ignore such translational questions.
  • 19.

    【2hr】Observing Ben Wyckoff: From Basic Research to Programmed Instruction and Social Issues

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    机译 观察本·威科夫：从基础研究到程序教学和社会问题
    摘要：L. Benjamin Wyckoff's seminal contributions to both psychological theory and application are the subject of this review. Wyckoff started his academic career as a graduate student at Indiana University, where he developed the observing-response procedure under the guidance of B. F. Skinner and C. J. Burke. At the University of Wisconsin–Madison, Wyckoff refined his mathematical theory of secondary reinforcement. This theory was the impetus for his creation of an electronic simulation of a rat running a T maze, one of the first “computer models” of learning. Wyckoff next went to Emory University, leaving there to help create two of the most successful companies dedicated to the advancement of programmed instruction and teaching machines: Teaching Machines, Inc. and the Human Development Institute. Wyckoff's involvement in these companies epitomizes the application of basic behavior-analytic principles in the development of technology to improve education and human relationships. The emergent picture of Wyckoff is that of a man who, through his research, professional work in educational applications of behavioral principles, and active involvement in the civil rights movement of the 1960s, was strongly committed to applying behavioral science to positively influence human behavior change.
  • 20.

    【2hr】Contributions of Contingencies in Modern Societies to Privacy in the Behavioral Relations of Cognition and Emotion

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    机译 认知与情感行为关系中现代社会突发事件对隐私的贡献
    摘要：The aim of this paper is to examine specific features of modern individualistic societies that contribute to “emotions” and “cognitions” becoming a matter of privacy. Although some behavior analysts identify emotions and cognitions as “private events,” we argue with that cognitions and emotions are relations among events and that their origin is in public events in the contingencies of reinforcement maintained by other people. Guided by ), we suggest that the shift from feudal economies to market economies involved the increasing individualization of society's members. This individualizing process includes the socially maintained contingencies that bring some verbal responses under control of private stimulation and reduce the magnitude of some verbal responses to a covert level. Behavioral relations in which either stimuli or responses (or both) cannot be observed by others set the stage for a concept of “privacy.” Changes in societal contingencies that gave rise to individualization and the attribution of privacy to cognitions and emotions are suggested to include the following: (a) increasing frequency of individual consequences that have no apparent or direct relevance to the group; (b) increasing numbers of concurrent contingencies and choice requirements; (c) conflicts between immediate and delayed consequences for the individual; and (d) conflicts between consequences for the individual and for the group.
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