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  • 刊频： Quarterly, 2015-
  • NLM标题： Asian J Urol
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共346条结果
  • 1.

    【2hr】Diagnosis of prostate cancer

    包量

    机译 前列腺癌的诊断
    摘要：Diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) and adequate staging play a fundamental role for clinical and patient care. Despite major advances in biology and imaging, rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test remain the cornerstone for screening, and multiparametricmagnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) for local staging. Recent advances in mpMRI lead to standardised interpretation and increased prescription by clinicians in order to improve detection of clinically significant PCa and select patients requiring targeted biopsies. However its indication remains controversial in biopsy-naïve patients. Nuclear medicine is also in a continuous evolution and utilisation of new radiopharmaceutical agent like choline or 68gallium with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging has led to the improvement in the detection of lymph nodes, distant metastases and prostate recurrence. Considering this very heterogneneous disease, combined utilisation of these tools will help clinicians and patients in choosing the most appropriate and personalised treatment.
  • 2.

    【2hr】The current role of prostate multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging

    包量

    机译 前列腺多参数磁共振成像的当前作用
    摘要：Prostate multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) has shown excellent sensitivity for Gleason ≥7 cancers, especially when their volume is ≥0.5 mL. As a result, performing an mpMRI before prostate biopsy could improve the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) by adding targeted biopsies to systematic biopsies. Currently, there is a consensus that targeted biopsies improve the detection of csPCa in the repeat biopsy setting and at confirmatory biopsy in patients considering active surveillance. Several prospective multicentric controlled trials recently showed that targeted biopsy also improved csPCa detection in biopsy-naïve patients. The role of mpMRI and targeted biopsy during the follow-up of active surveillance remains unclear. Whether systematic biopsy could be omitted in case of negative mpMRI is also a matter of controversy. mpMRI did show excellent negative predictive values (NPV) in the literature, however, since NPV depends on the prevalence of the disease, negative mpMRI findings should be interpreted in the light of a priori risk for csPCa of the patient. Nomograms combining mpMRI findings and classical risk predictors (age, prostate-specific antigen density, digital rectal examination, etc.) will probably be developed in the future to decide whether a prostate biopsy should be obtained. mpMRI has a good specificity for detecting T3 stage cancers, but its sensitivity is low. It should therefore not be used routinely for staging purposes in low-risk patients. Nomograms combining mpMRI findings and other clinical and biochemical data will also probably be used in the future to better assess the risk of T3 stage disease.
  • 3.

    【2hr】Contemporary approach to active surveillance for favorable risk prostate cancer

    包量

    机译 积极监测有利风险前列腺癌的当代方法
    • 作者：Laurence Klotz
    • 刊名：Asian Journal of Urology
    • 2019年第2期
    摘要：The approach to favorable risk prostate cancer known as “active surveillance” was first described explicitly in 2002. This was a report of 250 patients managed with a strategy of expectant management, with serial prostate-specific antigen and periodic biopsy, and radical intervention advised for patients who were re-classified as higher risk. This was initiated as a prospective clinical trial, complete with informed consent, beginning in 2007. Thus, there are now 20 years of experience with this approach, which has become widely adopted around the world. In this chapter, we will summarize the biological basis for active surveillance, review the experience to date of the Toronto and Hopkins groups which have reported 15-year outcomes, describe the current approach to active surveillance in patients with Gleason score 3 + 3 or selected patients with Gleason score 3 + 4 with a low percentage of Gleason pattern 4 who may also be candidates, enhanced by the use of magnetic resonance imaging, and forecast future directions.
  • 4.

    【2hr】The role of radiotherapy in localised and locally advanced prostate cancer

    包量

    机译 放射治疗在局部和局部晚期前列腺癌中的作用
    摘要：For a patient suffering from non-metastatic prostate cancer, the individualized recommendation of radiotherapy has to be the fruit of a multidisciplinary approach in the context of a Tumor Board, to be explained carefully to the patient to obtain his informed consent. External beam radiotherapy is now delivered by intensity modulated radiotherapy, considered as the gold standard. From a radiotherapy perspective, low-risk localized prostate cancer is treated by image guided intensity modulated radiotherapy, or brachytherapy if patients meet the required eligibility criteria. Intermediate-risk patients may benefit from intensity modulated radiotherapy combined with 4–6 months of androgen deprivation therapy; intensity modulated radiotherapy alone or combined with brachytherapy can be offered to patients unsuitable for androgen deprivation therapy due to co-morbidities or unwilling to accept it to preserve their sexual health. High-risk prostate cancer, i.e. high-risk localized and locally advanced prostate cancer, requires intensity modulated radiotherapy with long-term (≥2 years) androgen deprivation therapy with luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonists. Post-operative irradiation, either immediate or early deferred, is proposed to patients classified as pT3pN0, based on surgical margins, prostate-specific antigen values and quality of life. Whatever the techniques and their degree of sophistication, quality assurance plays a major role in the management of radiotherapy, requiring the involvement of physicians, physicists, dosimetrists, radiation technologists and computer scientists. The patients must be informed about the potential morbidity of radiotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy and followed regularly during and after treatment for tertiary prevention and evaluation. A close cooperation is needed with general practitioners and specialists to prevent and mitigate side effects and maintain quality of life.
  • 5.

    【2hr】Systemic treatment for metastatic prostate cancer

    包量

    机译 转移性前列腺癌的全身治疗
    摘要：The management of metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) has changed over the past ten years. Several new drugs have been approved with significant overall survival benefits in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (PCa) including chemotherapy (docetaxel, cabazitaxel), new hormonal therapies (abiraterone, enzalutamide), Radium-223 and immunotherapy. The addition of docetaxel to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) versus ADT alone in the castration sensitive metastatic setting has gained significant overall survival benefit particularly for high volume disease. More recently two phase III trials have assessed the efficacy of abiraterone plus prednisone plus ADT over ADT alone in newly high risk castrate sensitive mPCa. Determination of the appropriate treatment sequence using these therapies is important for maximizing the clinical benefit in castration sensitive and castration resistant PCa patients. Emerging fields are the identification of new subtypes with molecular characterization and new therapeutic targets.
  • 6.

    【2hr】Is Retzius-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy associated with better functional and oncological outcomes? Literature review and meta-analysis

    包量

    机译 保留Retzius的机器人辅助根治性前列腺切除术是否具有更好的功能和肿瘤学结局？文献综述和荟萃分析
    摘要：ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficiency, safety and clinical outcomes of Retzius-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RS-RARP) in comparison with the standard RARP.
  • 7.

    【2hr】Effect of warm bladder irrigation fluid for benign prostatic hyperplasia patients on perioperative hypothermia blood loss and shiver: A meta-analysis

    包量

    机译 良性前列腺增生患者温暖膀胱冲洗液对围手术期体温过低失血和发抖的影响：荟萃分析
    摘要：ObjectiveTo find out whether warm bladder irrigation fluid can decrease the occurrence of perioperative hypothermia, blood loss and shiver in patients treated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
  • 8.

    【2hr】Beyond prostate beyond surgery and beyond urology: The 3Bs of managing non-neurogenic male lower urinary tract symptoms

    包量

    机译 超越前列腺手术之外和泌尿外科：管理非神经源性男性下尿路症状的 3B
    摘要：Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), consisting storage, voiding and post-micturition symptoms, is a comprehensive definition involving symptoms that may occur due to several causes. Instead of simply focusing on the enlarged prostate, more attention has to be paid to the entire urinary tract as well as multiple system comorbidities. Therefore, prostate surgery alone does not necessarily provide adequate management and cross-disciplinary collaborations are sometimes required. Based on current literature, this paper proposes the “3Bs” concept for managing non-neurogenic male LUTS, namely, “beyond prostate”, “beyond surgery” and “beyond urology”. The clinical application of the “3Bs” enables urologists to carry out integrated, individualized and precise medical care for each non-neurogenic male LUTS patient.
  • 9.

    【2hr】Dose escalation of external beam radiotherapy for high-risk prostate cancer—Impact of multiple high-risk factor

    包量

    机译 高危前列腺癌外照射放疗剂量的增加-多种高危因素的影响
    摘要：ObjectiveTo retrospectively investigate the treatment outcomes of external beam radiotherapy with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in high-risk prostate cancer in three radiotherapy dose groups.
  • 10.

    【2hr】Compliance in patients with dietary hyperoxaluria: A cohort study and systematic review

    包量

    机译 饮食性高草酸尿症患者的依从性：一项队列研究和系统评价
    摘要：ObjectiveHyperoxaluria leads to calcium oxalate crystal formation and subsequent urolithiasis. This study aims to analyse the effect of treatment compliance in hyperoxaluria, firstly by analysis of patients with non-primary hyperoxaluria and secondly via systematic review in patients with any hyperoxaluria.
  • 11.

    【2hr】Moving beyond BPH – A contemporary update on male LUTS

    包量

    机译 超越BPH –关于男性LUTS的当代更新
    摘要：
  • 12.

    【2hr】Asynchronous abdominal wall and sigmoid metastases in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: A case report and literature review

    包量

    机译 透明细胞肾细胞癌的异步腹壁和乙状结肠转移1例并文献复习
    摘要：Sigmoid metastasis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is very rare. Herein we report a case of pathologically proven asynchronous abdominal wall and sigmoid metastases after a right nephrectomy. An 84-year-old man underwent right radical nephrectomy for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) 13 years ago. Solitary contralateral abdominal wall metastasis was found for left abdominal mass 9 years after nephrectomy. The man experienced melena underwent resection of sigmoid colon tumor in February, 2016. The postoperative pathological examinations revealed that the tumors were metastases of ccRCC. Recurrence more than 5 years after nephrectomy has been accepted as late recurrence by the majority of urologists now. Late recurrence is one of the specific biological behaviors of RCC. Asynchronous late recurrence of abdominal wall and sigmoid metastases in ccRCC has not been reported before. When patients have sigmoid mass after nephrectomy for RCC, doctors may consider the possibility of late recurrence.
  • 13.

    【2hr】Corrigendum to Overcoming scarring in the urethra: Challenges for tissue engineering

    包量

    机译 克服尿道瘢痕：组织工程学的挑战勘误
    摘要：
  • 14.

    【2hr】In honor of Dr. Donald S. Coffey – Prostate cancer biology and therapy

    包量

    机译 为了纪念Donald S. Coffey博士–前列腺癌生物学和治疗
    摘要：
  • 15.

    【2hr】Current progress and questions in germline genetics of prostate cancer

    包量

    机译 前列腺癌种系遗传学的最新进展和问题
    摘要：Dramatic progress has been made in the area of germline genetics of prostate cancer (PCa) in the past decade. Both common and rare genetic variants with effects on risk ranging from barely detectable to outright practice-changing have been identified. For men with high risk PCa, the application of genetic testing for inherited pathogenic mutations is becoming standard of care. A major question exists about which additional populations of men to test, as men at all risk levels can potentially benefit by knowing their unique genetic profile of germline susceptibility variants. This article will provide a brief overview of some current issues in understanding inherited susceptibility for PCa.
  • 16.

    【2hr】If this is true what does it imply? How end-user antibody validation facilitates insights into biology and disease

    包量

    机译 如果这是真的那意味着什么？最终用户抗体验证如何促进对生物学和疾病的见解
    摘要：Antibodies are employed ubiquitously in biomedical sciences, including for diagnostics and therapeutics. One of the most important uses is for immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, a process that has been improving and evolving over decades. IHC is useful when properly employed, yet misuse of the method is widespread and contributes to the “reproducibility crisis” in science. We report some of the common problems encountered with IHC assays, and direct readers to a wealth of literature documenting and providing some solutions to this problem. We also describe a series of vignettes that include our approach to analytical validation of antibodies and IHC assays that have facilitated a number of biological insights into prostate cancer and the refutation of a controversial association of a viral etiology in gliomas. We postulate that a great deal of the problem with lack of accuracy in IHC assays stems from the lack of awareness by researchers for the critical necessity for end-users to validate IHC antibodies and assays in their laboratories, regardless of manufacturer claims or past publications. We suggest that one reason for the pervasive lack of end-user validation for research antibodies is that researchers fail to realize that there are two general classes of antibodies employed in IHC. First, there are antibodies that are “clinical grade” reagents used by pathologists to help render diagnoses that influence patient treatment. Such diagnostic antibodies, which tend to be highly validated prior to clinical implementation, are in the vast minority (e.g. < 500). The other main class of antibodies are “research grade” antibodies (now numbering >3 800 000), which are often not extensively validated prior to commercialization. Given increased awareness of the problem, both the United States, National Institutes of Health and some journals are requiring investigators to provide evidence of specificity of their antibody-based assays.
  • 17.

    【2hr】Metastatic prostate cancer remains incurable why?

    包量

    机译 转移性前列腺癌仍然无法治愈为什么？
    摘要：Metastatic prostate cancer patients present in two ways—with already disseminated disease at the time of presentation or with disease recurrence after definitive local therapy. Androgen deprivation therapy is given as the most effective initial treatment to patients. However, after the initial response, almost all patients will eventually progress despite the low levels of testosterone. Disease at this stage is termed castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Before 2010, the taxane docetaxel was the first and only life prolonging agent for metastatic CRPC (mCRPC). The last decade has witnessed robust progress in CRPC therapeutics development. Abiraterone, enzalutamide, apalutamide and sipuleucel-T have been evaluated as first- and second-line agents in mCRPC patients, while cabazitaxel was approved as a second-line treatment. Radium-223 dichloride was approved in symptomatic patients with bone metastases and no known visceral metastases pre- and post-docetaxel. However, despite significant advances, mCRPC remains a lethal disease. Both primary and acquired resistance have been observed in CRPC patients treated by these new agents. It could be solely cell intrinsic or it is possible that the clonal heterogeneity in treated tumors may result from the adaptive responses to the selective pressures within the tumor microenvironment. The aim of this review is to list current treatment agents of CRPC and summarize recent findings in therapeutic resistance mechanisms.
  • 18.

    【2hr】Current strategies for targeting the activity of androgen receptor variants

    包量

    机译 针对雄激素受体变体活性的当前策略
    摘要：Current therapies for advanced prostate cancer, such as enzalutamide and abiraterone, focus on inhibiting androgen receptor (AR) activity and reducing downstream signaling pathways to inhibit tumor growth. Unfortunately, cancer cells are very adaptable and, over time, these cells develop mechanisms by which they can circumvent therapeutics. One of the many mechanisms that have been discovered is the generation of AR variants. These variants are generated through alternative splicing of the full length AR and often lack the ligand binding domain. This leads to forms of the AR that are constitutively active that continue to promote prostate cancer cell growth even in the absence of ligand. The high prevalence of AR variants and their role in disease progression have prompted a number of studies investigating ways to inhibited AR variant expression and activity. Among these are the anti-helminthic drug, niclosamide, which selectively promotes degradation of AR variants over full length AR and re-sensitizes anti-androgen resistant prostate cancer cells to treatment with enzalutamide and abiraterone. Other AR variant targeting mechanisms include interfering with AR variant co-activators and the development of drugs that bind to the DNA or N-terminal AR domains, which are retained in most AR variants. The clinical efficacy of treating prostate cancer by targeting AR variants is under investigation in several clinical trials. In this review, we provide an overview of the most relevant AR variants and discuss current AR variant targeting strategies.
  • 19.

    【2hr】Potential impact of combined inhibition of 3α-oxidoreductases and 5α-reductases on prostate cancer

    包量

    机译 联合抑制3α-氧化还原酶和5α-还原酶对前列腺癌的潜在影响
    摘要：Prostate cancer (PCa) growth and progression rely on the interaction between the androgen receptor (AR) and the testicular ligands, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Almost all men with advanced PCa receive androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). ADT lowers circulating testosterone levels, which impairs AR activation and leads to PCa regression. However, ADT is palliative and PCa recurs as castration-recurrent/resistant PCa (CRPC). One mechanism for PCa recurrence relies on intratumoral synthesis of DHT, which can be synthesized using the frontdoor or primary or secondary backdoor pathway. Androgen metabolism inhibitors, such as those targeting 5α-reductase, aldo-keto-reductase family member 3 (AKR1C3), or cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) have either failed or produced only modest clinical outcomes. The goal of this review is to describe the therapeutic potential of combined inhibition of 5α-reductase and 3α-oxidoreductase enzymes that facilitate the terminal steps of the frontdoor and primary and secondary backdoor pathways for DHT synthesis. Inhibition of the terminal steps of the androgen metabolism pathways may be a way to overcome the shortcomings of existing androgen metabolism inhibitors and thereby delay PCa recurrence during ADT or enhance the response of CRPC to androgen axis manipulation.
  • 20.

    【2hr】Combination therapy with androgen deprivation for hormone sensitive prostate cancer: A new frontier

    包量

    机译 激素敏感型前列腺癌联合雄激素剥夺治疗的新领域
    摘要：Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been the standard of care for the last 75 years in metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer (PCa). However, this approach is rarely curative. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that ADT combined with other agents, notably docetaxel and abiraterone, lead to improved survival. The mechanisms surrounding this improved cancer outcomes are incompletely defined. The response of cancer cells to ADT includes apoptosis and cell death, but a significant fraction remains viable. Our laboratory has demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo that cellular senescence occurs in a subset of these cells. Cellular senescence is a phenotype characterized by cell cycle arrest, senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal), and a hypermetabolic state. Positive features of cellular senescence include growth arrest and immune stimulation, although persistence may release cytokines and growth factors that are detrimental. Senescent tumor cells generate a catabolic state with increased glycolysis, protein turnover and other metabolic changes that represent targets for drugs, like metformin, to be applied in a synthetic lethal approach. This review examines the response to ADT and the putative role of cellular senescence as a biomarker and therapeutic target in this context.
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