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  • 1.

    【2hr】Patient and treatment pathways for toxoplasmosis in the United States: data analysis of the Vizient Health Systems Data from 2011 to 2017

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    机译 美国弓形虫病的患者和治疗途径：2011年至2017年Vizient Health Systems数据的数据分析
    摘要：Toxoplasmosis causes substantial morbidity and mortality in the United States (US). Clinical manifestations to toxoplasmosis vary and there is limited information on incidence or treatment patterns in the US. Treatment pathways for pyrimethamine-based regimens and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) for toxoplasmosis hospitalizations were investigated using the Vizient Health Systems inpatient and outpatient data. Between January 1 , 2011 and December 31 , 2017, 10,273 hospital visits from 4,736 unique patients received a primary or secondary ICD-9/ICD-10 diagnosis for toxoplasmosis. The projected annual hospital visits with a diagnosis of toxoplasmosis was 68,821, corresponding to a total annual incidence of 9,832 comprising ocular toxoplasmosis of 2,169, toxoplasmic encephalitis of 1,399, unspecified toxoplasmosis of 4,368, congenital toxoplasmosis of 381, multisystemic toxoplasmosis of 69 and other toxoplasmosis of 1,446. Only 16.3% of the study population received treatment with pyrimethamine-based regimens or TMP-SMX. Pyrimethamine-based regimens were used significantly more often than TMP-SMX in toxoplasmic encephalitis (88.7% vs 79.6%, p = 0.01), other toxoplasmosis (85.0% vs 79.2%, p = 0.04), and unspecified toxoplasmosis (87.6% vs 77.9%, p = 0.03) in hospitals with 300 beds or more. A significantly higher percentage of visits with TMP-SMX as first-line treatment switched to pyrimethamine-based regimens compared to visits initiated on pyrimethamine-based treatments (26.7% vs 4.1%, p
  • 2.

    【2hr】Adevonin a novel synthetic antimicrobial peptide designed from the Adenanthera pavonina trypsin inhibitor (ApTI) sequence

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    机译 Adevonin一种由Adenanthera pavonina胰蛋白酶抑制剂（ApTI）序列设计的新型合成抗菌肽
    摘要：The biological activities and the structural arrangement of adevonin, a novel antimicrobial peptide, were investigated. The trypsin inhibitor ApTI, isolated from seeds, was used as a template for screening 18-amino acid peptides with predicted antimicrobial activity. Adevonin presented antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 1.86 to 7.35 µM against both Gram-positive and – negative bacterial strains. Moreover, adevonin exerted time-kill effects within 10 min and both susceptible and drug-resistant bacterial strains were affected by the peptide. and assays showed that, at MIC concentration, adevonin did not affect human fibroblasts (MRC-5) viability or survival, respectively. Hemolytic activity was observed only at high peptide concentrations. Additionally, nucleic acid efflux assays, gentian violet uptake and time-kill kinetics indicate that the antimicrobial activity of adevonin may be mediated by bacterial membrane damage. Furthermore, molecular dynamic simulation in the presence of SDS micelles and anionic membrane bilayers showed that adevonin acquired a stable α-helix secondary structure. Further studies are encouraged to better understand the mechanism of action of adevonin, as well as to investigate the anti-infective activity of this peptide.
  • 3.

    【2hr】Editorial: gene drive for vector control

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    机译 社论：矢量控制的基因驱动
    摘要：
  • 4.

    【2hr】Gene drives may be the next step towards sustainable control of malaria

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    机译 基因驱动可能是迈向可持续控制疟疾的下一步
    摘要：
  • 5.

    【2hr】Population modification of Anopheles mosquitoes for malaria control: pathways to implementation

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    机译 控制疟疾的按蚊蚊子的种群改良：实施途径
    摘要：
  • 6.

    【2hr】How to handle gene drives in arthropods?

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    机译 如何处理节肢动物的基因驱动？
    • 作者：Tony Nolan
    • 刊名：Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology
    • 2017年第8期
    摘要：
  • 7.

    【2hr】Debating the ethics of gene drives

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    机译 辩论基因驱动的伦理
    • 作者：
    • 刊名：Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology
    • 2017年第8期
    摘要：
  • 8.

    【2hr】Gene drives to fight malaria: current state and future directions

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    机译 基因驱动力抗击疟疾：现状和未来方向
    摘要：Self-propagating gene drive technologies have a number of desirable characteristics that warrant their development for the control of insect pest and vector populations, such as the malaria-transmitting mosquitoes. Theoretically easy to deploy and self-sustaining, these tools may be used to generate cost-effective interventions that benefit society without obvious bias related to wealth, age or education. Their species-specific design offers the potential to reduce environmental risks and aim to be compatible and complementary with other control strategies, potentially expediting the elimination and eradication of malaria. A number of strategies have been proposed for gene-drive based control of the malaria mosquito and recent demonstrations have shown proof-of-principle in the laboratory. Though several technical, ethical and regulatory challenges remain, none appear insurmountable if research continues in a step-wise and open manner.
  • 9.

    【2hr】Population modification of Anopheline species to control malaria transmission

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    机译 改变按蚊物种的种群以控制疟疾传播
    摘要：Vector control strategies based on population modification of Anopheline mosquitoes may have a significant role in the malaria eradication agenda. They could consolidate elimination gains by providing barriers to the reintroduction of parasites and competent vectors, and allow resources to be allocated to new control sites while maintaining treated areas free of malaria. Synthetic biological approaches are being used to generate transgenic mosquitoes for population modification. Proofs-of-principle exist for mosquito transgenesis, the construction of anti-parasite effector genes and gene-drive systems for rapidly introgressing beneficial genes into wild populations. Key challenges now are to develop field-ready strains of mosquitoes that incorporate features that maximize safety and efficacy, and specify pathways from discovery to development. We propose three pathways and a framework for target product profiles that maximize safety and efficacy while meeting the demands of the complexity of malaria transmission, and the regulatory and social diversity of potential end-users and stakeholders.
  • 10.

    【2hr】Developing standard operating procedures for gene drive research in disease vector mosquitoes

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    机译 为疾病媒介蚊子的基因驱动研究开发标准操作程序
    摘要：Numerous arthropod species represent potential targets for gene-drive-based population suppression or replacement, including those that transmit diseases, damage crops, or act as deleterious invasive species. Containment measures for gene drive research in arthropods have been discussed in the literature, but the importance of developing safe and effective standard operating procedures (SOPs) for these types of experiments has not been adequately addressed. Concisely written SOPs link safe work practices, containment measures, institutional training, and research-specific protocols. Here we discuss information to be considered by principal investigators, biosafety officers, and institutional biosafety committees as they work together to develop SOPs for experiments involving gene drive in arthropods, and describe various courses of action that can be used to maintain the effectiveness of SOPs through evaluation and revision. The information provided herein will be especially useful to investigators and regulatory personnel who may lack extensive experience working with arthropods under containment conditions.
  • 11.

    【2hr】Driving towards ecotechnologies

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    机译 推动生态技术
    摘要：The prospect of using genetic methods to target vector, parasite, and reservoir species offers tremendous potential benefits to public health, but the use of genome editing to alter the shared environment will require special attention to public perception and community governance in order to benefit the world. Public skepticism combined with the media scrutiny of gene drive systems could easily derail unpopular projects entirely, especially given the potential for trade barriers to be raised against countries that employ self-propagating gene drives. Hence, open and community-guided development of thoughtfully chosen applications is not only the most ethical approach, but also the most likely to overcome the economic, social, and diplomatic barriers. Here we review current and past attempts to alter ecosystems using biological methods, identify key determinants of social acceptance, and chart a stepwise path for developers towards safe and widely supported use.
  • 12.

    【2hr】Prophylaxis of human toxoplasmosis: a systematic review

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    机译 预防人类弓形虫病：系统综述
    摘要：Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, and is associated with clinically significant infection in immunocompromised individuals. Vertical transmission during pregnancy can manifest as congenital toxoplasmosis in the neonate, and can have serious consequences. This review aims to describe the modalities for prophylaxis of toxoplasmosis in susceptible populations, and focuses on the following: (1) prophylaxis of congenital toxoplasmosis; (2) prophylaxis of toxoplasmosis in patients with HIV/AIDS; and (3) prophylaxis of toxoplasmosis in transplant recipients.
  • 13.

    【2hr】High prevalence of hypertension and its selected risk factors among adult tribal population in Central India

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    机译 印度中部成年部落人群高血压的高患病率及其所选的危险因素
    摘要：A community based cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the prevalence of hypertension and associated risk factors like salt intake, 24-h urinary sodium excretion and body mass index (BMI) among tribal population of Mandla District, Central India. A total of 3090 individuals, from 1258 house hold drawn from 33 sampled villages and 12 urban wards were studied for blood pressure measurements and clinical examination, while 414 urine samples were collected for estimation of 24-h sodium excretion. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to assess the associations of BMI, urinary sodium output and other risk factors with hypertension. Across the sample, 28.2% of males and 23.6% of females had either stage-I or stage-II hypertension. More than 8% of subjects <30 years were hypertensive. The prevalence of hypertension shows a strong association with the increase in BMI and tribals with BMI > 25 were considerably more to have high blood pressure. Salt intake is directly related to the hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension was significantly greater among those whose salt intake was more than 10 g per day. A positive association between urine sodium excretion and blood pressure was observed. The results of the present study show that the tribal population is also affected by the life style diseases at par with the non-tribal population.
  • 14.

    【2hr】Prevalence and genetic characterisation of respiratory syncytial viruses circulating in Bulgaria during the 2014/15 and 2015/16 winter seasons

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    机译 2014/15和2015/16冬季在保加利亚传播的呼吸道合胞病毒的流行率和遗传特征
    摘要：The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory illnesses (ARI) in infants and young children. The objectives of this study were to investigate the RSV circulation among children aged <5 years in Bulgaria, to identify the RSV-A and RSV-B genotypes and to perform an amino acid sequence analysis of second hypervariable region (HVR2) of the G gene. During the 2014/15 and 2015/16 winter seasons, nasopharyngeal specimens of 610 children aged <5 years with ARI were tested using Real Time RT-PCR for influenza viruses, RSV, metapneumovirus, parainfluenza viruses, rhinoviruses and adenoviruses. Viral respiratory pathogens were detected in 429 (70%) out of 610 patients examined and RSV was the most frequently identified virus (26%) followed by influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus (14%) (p < .05). RSV was the most prevalent pathogen in patients with bronchiolitis (48%) and pneumonia (38%). In the 2014/15 season, RSV-A dominated slightly (53%), while in the next season RSV-B viruses prevailed more strongly (66%). The phylogenetic analysis based on the G gene indicated that all 21 studied RSV-A strains belonged to the ON1 genotype; the vast majority (96%) of the RSV-B strains were classified into BA9 genotype and only one - into BA10 genotype. All Bulgarian RSV-A and RSV-B sequences contained a 72-nt and a 60-nt duplication in the HVR2, respectively. The study showed the leading role of this pathogen as a causative agent of serious respiratory illnesses in early childhood, year-on-year fluctuations in RSV incidence, a shift from RSV-A to RSV-B subgroup dominance and relatively low genetic divergence in the circulating strains.
  • 15.

    【2hr】Status of insecticide resistance in An. culicifacies in Gadchiroli (Maharashtra) India

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    机译 An。的抗药性状况印度Gadchiroli（马哈拉施特拉邦）的古迹
    摘要：An. culicifacies is the major vector of malaria in tribal community and tribal dominated areas in India. Development of resistance to insecticides is the major challenge to curb the transmission. Gadchiroli (Maharashtra) is a tribal district in central India where incidence of malaria increased from 2012 to 2015 despite indoor space spray with synthetic pyrethroids. To determine the susceptibility status of An. culicifacies against commonly used insecticides in public health program in Gadchiroli. standard WHO method and test kit were used. The insecticide impregnated papers were procured from vector control unit Malaysia. An. culicifacies found resistance to three major groups of pesticides i.e. organochlorine (DDT 4%), organophosphorous (Malathion 5%) and pyrethroids (Cyfluthrin 0.15%, Deltametherin 0.05% and Lambdacyhalothrin 0.05%). The susceptibility status in Permethrin 0.75% needs further confirmation. Development of resistance to different insecticides of varied groups is an adverse finding for the elimination of malaria, explaining the recent increase in malaria incidence in Gadchiroli. The phenomenon further needs to be studied in different locations and the susceptibility needs to test against other insecticides. The findings may have significant implications to the choice of insecticides in the malaria control program in tribal areas.
  • 16.

    【2hr】Antibacterial efficacy of silver nanoparticles and ethyl acetate’s metabolites of the potent halophilic (marine) bacterium Bacillus cereus A30 on multidrug resistant bacteria

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    机译 强大的嗜盐（海洋）细菌蜡状芽孢杆菌A30的纳米银颗粒和乙酸乙酯代谢产物对多药耐药菌的抗菌作用
    摘要：Bacteria are generally responsible for the prevalence of several diseases and pathogenic bacteria are showing increasing resistance to different antibacterials. During the present study an extremophilic bacterium-A30 isolated from the marine waters was characterized and evaluated against four multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens, viz; Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The sensitivity pattern of the selected pathogens was tested with 31 antibiotics. Among the 47 marine microbial extracts tested on 4-MDR pathogens viz: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa, only our strain A30 strain exhibited highest efficacy. This strain was subsequently subjected to 16S rDNA sequencing which confirmed its allocation as Bacillus cereus. Silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) synthesis and ethyl acetate extraction were performed using the supernatant of B. cereus. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-Visible, Fourier-transform infra-red (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Zeta potential analyses. The presence of functional groups and 13 bioactive components in the ethyl acetate extract were analyzed using FT-IR and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The synthesized of AgNPs and the ethyl acetate extract showed preponderant activity against P. aeruginosa and MRSA, respectively. The effects of AgNPs were significant when compared to ethyl acetate extract. Therefore, the halophilic bacterium, B. cereus mediated AgNPs could provide antibacterial applications in the biomedical industries.
  • 17.

    【2hr】The sensitivity and specificity of a urine based Rapid Diagnostic Test for the diagnosis of plasmodium falciparum in a malaria endemic area in Odisha India

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    机译 基于尿液的快速诊断测试在印度奥里萨邦疟疾流行地区诊断恶性疟原虫的敏感性和特异性
    摘要：>Background: Rapid and accurate diagnosis is crucial in the treatment of malaria. Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) using blood have been recommended by the WHO as an acceptable method for the diagnosis of malaria. RDTs provide results quickly, is simple to use and easy to interpret. However, its use requires collection of blood by skin puncture. Hence the aim of the pilot study is to explore the sensitivity and specificity of RDTs using urine (collected non-invasively) for diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria and to assess the relation between parasite density in blood with HRP-2 Ag detection in urine. >Material and Method: All fever cases admitted to Ispat General Hospital (IGH) Rourkela, India, during June 2012-March 2013 with a clinical diagnosis of malaria were examined for the presence of asexual forms of P. falciparum in peripheral blood smears. All smear positive febrile patients who met the eligibility criteria were enrolled. Smear negative fever cases were enrolled as control cases. RDTs were performed using both urine and blood samples by using commercially available blood specific kits. >Results: Sixty blood smear positive cases and 51 febrile blood smear negative cases were enrolled. Sensitivity and specificity of RDT urine were 86.67% (95%CI:75.83–93.09) and 94.12% (95%CI:84.08–97.98) respectively whereas those of RDT blood were 91.67% (95% CI: 81.93–96.39) and 98.04% (95% CI 89.7–99.65). The sensitivity of both RDT urine as well as RDT blood were found to be dependent on the level of parasitemia. >Conclusion: Results of this study are promising. Larger studies are needed to assess whether RDTs using urine could serve as a practical, reliable method for the detection of P. falciparum in a non-invasive manner where invasive blood taking is less feasible.
  • 18.

    【2hr】Antifilarial activity of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on Brugia pahangi in vitro and in vivo

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    机译 咖啡酸苯乙酯在体内和体外对布鲁氏菌的抗丝活性
    摘要：Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a vector borne disease caused by parasitic worms such as Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and B. timori, which are transmitted by mosquitoes. Current therapeutics to treat LF are mainly microfilarcidal, and lack activity against adult worms. This set back, poses a challenge for the control and elimination of filariasis. Thus, in this study the activities of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) against the filarial worm B. pahangi and its bacterial endosymbiont, Wolbachia were evaluated. Different concentrations (2, 5, 10, 15, 20 μg/ml) of CAPE were used to assess its effects on motility, viability and microfilarial (mf) production of B. pahangi in vitro. Anti-Wolbachial activity of CAPE was measured in worms by quantification of Wolbachial wsp gene copy number using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Our findings show that CAPE was found to significantly reduce adult worm motility, viability, and mf release both in vitro and in vivo. 20 μg/ml of CAPE halts the release of mf in vitro by day 6 of post treatment. Also, the number of adult worms recovered in vivo were reduced significantly during and after treatment with 50 mg/kg of CAPE relative to control drugs, diethylcarbamazine and doxycycline. Real time PCR based on the Wolbachia ftsZ gene revealed a significant reduction in Wolbachia copy number upon treatment. Anti-Wolbachia and antifilarial properties of CAPE require further investigation as an alternative strategy to treat LF.
  • 19.

    【2hr】Erratum

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    机译 勘误表
    摘要：
  • 20.

    【2hr】O’nyong-nyong fever: a neglected mosquito-borne viral disease

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    机译 Onyong-nyong发烧：一种被蚊子传播的病毒性疾病
    摘要：O’nyong nyong virus (ONNV), a mosquito-borne Alphavirus, is primarily transmitted through the bite of Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, which are also malaria parasite vectors in Africa. The virus, first isolated in Uganda in 1959, is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and has caused several major outbreaks both in West and East Africa. ONNV fever, characterized by severe arthralgia, is similar to chikungunya fever, with the exception of cervical lymphadenitis, which is peculiar to the former. Prevention measures do not differ from those adopted against malaria parasite transmission. Effective vaccines and drugs are not available, but animal models suggest that vaccine candidates against CHIKV may also confer protection against ONNV.
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