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  • 1.

    【2hr】Dear Readers, Authors, Reviewers and Editorial Board Members of Advances in Cognitive Psychology

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    机译 亲爱的认知心理学研究的读者，作者，评论员和编辑委员会成员
    摘要：In this second newsletter of 2018, we wanted to inform you about some major changes in the editorial board of our journal.
  • 2.

    【2hr】Dear Readers, Authors, Reviewers and Editorial Board Members ofAdvances in Cognitive Psychology

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    机译 尊敬的读者，作者，评论家和编辑委员会成员：认知心理学的进展
    • 作者：
    • 刊名：Advances in Cognitive Psychology
    • 2018年第1期
    摘要：In this first newsletter of 2018, we wanted to inform you about the current status of the journal. As our co-editor in chief (RL ) recently moved from the University of Finance and Management (UFMFM) in Warsaw to the Adam Mickiewicz University (AMU) in Poznań, the ownership of the journal or the editorial board might possibly change in the near future. Currently, different options are explored, and we will keep you informed on future changes. These changes may also have an impact on article processing fees (see also below).
  • 3.

    【2hr】Elucidating the Functional Relationship Between Speed of InformationProcessing and Speed-, Capacity-, and Memory-Related Aspects of PsychometricIntelligence

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    机译 阐明信息速度之间的功能关系心理测量的处理和速度，容量和记忆相关方面情报
    摘要：Numerous studies reported a positive relationship between speed of information processing (SIP) and the g factor of intelligence. Only very few studies, however, examined SI P’s relationship to speed-, capacity-, and memory-related aspects of psychometric intelligence. In order to further elucidate this relationship, a Hick reaction time task and the Berlin Intelligence Structure (BIS) test were administered to 240 participants. From the BIS test, indicators of BIS -Capacity, BIS -Speed, and BIS -Memory were determined. By means of fixed-links modeling, we subdivided variance in reaction time from the Hick task into a component representing individual differences in speed directly related to the systematically increased number of possible responses and another component representing individual differences in speed associated with residual sources unrelated to the experimental variation of response alternatives. While the former speed component was primarily related to BIS -Capacity and, to a lesser extent, to BIS -Speed, the latter one was only weakly related to BIS -Speed but unrelated to BIS -Capacity. None of the two speed components from the Hick task showed an association with BIS -Memory. Our findings indicate that individual differences in SI P caused by experimentallyincreasing the number of possible responses were more strongly associated withcapacity- than with speed-related aspects of psychometric intelligence. Inaddition, individual differences in SI P not associated with the experimentalmanipulation of response alternatives showed rather weak relationships to eachof the three BIS operations and could be considered equally strong.
  • 4.

    【2hr】Lunching for Relaxation or Cognitive Control? After-Effects of Socialand Solitary Meals

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    机译 午餐放松或认知控制？社会的后遗症和单餐
    摘要：Meals, especially when taken in company, may affect the diner’s mood. In line with findings that mood may alter cognitive control, a previous study by the authors found that after solitary meals, the Simon effect was diminished as compared to a premeal condition, whereas a social meal did not reduce the Simon effect. Here, we investigated whether this finding generalizes across different demands in cognitive control and, therefore, applied a flanker task. Obtained questionnaire data indicated differential effects in mood and relaxation of a social as compared to a solitary meal. Replicating our previous findings, the flanker compatibility effect decreased after a solitary meal but increased after a social meal. The present results support our previous findings with new evidence that a meal taken in a social context attenuates subsequent cognitive control processes compared with a solitary meal.
  • 5.

    【2hr】This Is How To Be a Rule Breaker

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    机译 这是成为规则破坏者的方法
    摘要：Violating rules comes with cognitive conflict for the rule-breaker. Here, we probed for means to reduce the behavioral effects of this conflict by studying the combined impact of recency and frequency of rule violations. We found that violating a rule facilitated the initiation of a subsequent rule violation, while notable costs relative to rule-based responding remained in measures of response execution. Such costs during response execution vanished, however, when frequency and recency of rule violation worked in concert. That is, it is possible to overcome the costs of rule violation when (a) having violated this particular rule frequently and (b) having violated this particular rule very recently. Moreover, we demonstrated that recent rule violations reduce the costs of cognitive conflict in an unrelated interference task (Simon task). Based on these findings, we present a revised model of the cognitive processes underlying deliberate rule violations.
  • 6.

    【2hr】Effects of Language Background on Gaze Behavior: A CrosslinguisticComparison Between Korean and German Speakers

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    机译 语言背景对注视行为的影响：一种跨语言学韩语和德语的比较
    摘要：Languages differ in how they categorize spatial relations: While German differentiates between containment (in) and support (auf) with distinct spatial words—(a) den Kuli IN die Kappe stecken (”put pen in cap”); (b) die Kappe AUF den Kuli stecken (”put cap on pen”)—Korean uses a single spatial word (kkita) collapsing (a) and (b) into one semantic category, particularly when the spatial enclosure is tight-fit. Korean uses a different word (i.e., netha) for loose-fits (e.g., apple in bowl). We tested whether these differences influence the attention of the speaker. In a crosslinguistic study, we compared native German speakers with native Korean speakers. Participants rated the similarity of two successive video clips of several scenes where two objects were joined or nested (either in a tight or loose manner). The rating data show that Korean speakers base their rating of similarity more on tight- versus loose-fit, whereas German speakers base their rating more on containment versus support (in vs. auf). Throughout the experiment, we also measured theparticipants’ eye movements. Korean speakers looked equally long at the movingFigure object and at the stationary Groundobject, whereas German speakers were more biased to look at the Ground object.Additionally, Korean speakers also looked more at the region where the twoobjects touched than did German speakers. We discuss our data in the light ofcrosslinguistic semantics and the extent of their influence on spatial cognitionand perception.
  • 7.

    【2hr】The Effects of Heuristics and Apophenia on ProbabilisticChoice

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    机译 启发式和Apophenia对概率的影响选择
    摘要：Given a repeated choice between two or more options with independent and identically distributed reward probabilities, overall pay-offs can be maximized by the exclusive selection of the option with the greatest likelihood of reward. The tendency to match response proportions to reward contingencies is suboptimal. Nevertheless, this behaviour is well documented. A number of explanatory accounts have been proposed for probability matching. These include failed pattern matching, driven by apophenia, and a heuristic-driven response that can be overruled with sufficient deliberation. We report two experiments that were designed to test the relative effects on choice behaviour of both an intuitive versus strategic approach to the task and belief that there was a predictable pattern in the reward sequence, through a combination of both direct experimental manipulation and post-experimental self-report. Mediation analysis was used to model the pathways of effects. Neither of two attempted experimental manipulations of apophenia, nor self-reported levels of apophenia, had a significant effect on proportions of maximizing choices. However, the use of strategy over intuition proved a consistent predictor of maximizing, across all experimental conditions. A parallel analysis was conducted to assess the effectof controlling for individual variance in perceptions of reward contingencies.Although this analysis suggested that apophenia did increase probabilitymatching in the standard task preparation, this effect was found to result froman unforeseen relationship between self-reported apophenia and perceived rewardprobabilities. A Win-Stay Lose-Shift (WSLS ) analysis indicated no reliablerelationship between WSLS and either intuition or strategy use.
  • 8.

    【2hr】The Effects of Similarity on High-Level Visual Working MemoryProcessing

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    机译 相似性对高级视觉工作记忆的影响处理中
    • 作者：Li YangLei Mo
    • 刊名：Advances in Cognitive Psychology
    • 2017年第4期
    摘要：Similarity has been observed to have opposite effects on visual working memory (VWM) for complex images. How can these discrepant results be reconciled? To answer this question, we used a change-detection paradigm to test visual working memory performance for multiple real-world objects. We found that working memory for moderate similarity items was worse than that for either high or low similarity items. This pattern was unaffected by manipulations of stimulus type (faces vs. scenes), encoding duration (limited vs. self-paced), and presentation format (simultaneous vs. sequential). We also found that the similarity effects differed in strength in different categories (scenes vs. faces). These results suggest that complex real-world objects are represented using a centre-surround inhibition organization. These results support the category-specific cortical resource theory and further suggest that centre-surround inhibition organization may differ by category.
  • 9.

    【2hr】Different Paths to Different Strategies? Unique Associations AmongFacets of the Dark Triad, Empathy, and Trait EmotionalIntelligence

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    机译 不同策略的途径不同？独特的联系黑暗三合会，同理心和特质情感方面情报
    摘要：Emotional deficits, such as limited empathy, are considered a fundamental aspect of the Dark Triad traits (narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy). However, the nature and extent of such deficiencies seem to vary among dark personalities. By applying multidimensional measures of empathy, emotional intelligence, and the Dark Triad, we aimed to investigate in more detail how individuals high in various dark traits understand and evaluate emotions. Results indicated that each trait, and, moreover, each facet thereof entailed unique emotional deficiencies. Narcissism was positively associated with trait emotional intelligence, whereas the secondary factor of psychopathy was associated negatively. With respect to empathy, only primary psychopathy was linked to an overall deficit, while a positive relationship was found between Machiavellianism and the perspective-taking facet of cognitive empathy. We argue that the specific emotional limitations of the Dark Triad traits might contribute to the successful deployment of different socially aversive strategies.
  • 10.

    【2hr】Nonspecific Retroactive Interference in Children andAdults

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    机译 儿童和儿童的非特异性追溯干预大人
    摘要：Retroactive interference (RI) is a primary source of forgetting and occurs when new information disrupts or damages an existing memory. Prior research has shown that children are susceptible to RI when the to-be-remembered and interfering information are similar, but it is unclear whether they are also vulnerable to nonspecific RI . This form of interference occurs when a memory is disrupted by an unrelated and dissimilar distractor task, and the present study explored six- and seven-year-olds susceptibility to such nonspecific RI. In two experiments, participants learnt a list of words and completed a free recall test 5 min later. During the interval, participants either remained quiet (the control condition) or completed spot-the-difference puzzles (the interference condition). In Experiment 1, the children were highly susceptible to nonspecific interference, whereas a sample of adults were not affected by the interfering task. However, when a new sample of children were given more time to encode and retrieve the words in Experiment 2, they were able to resist interference. Nonspecific RI can damage children’s memory, but they do have the ability to prevent this form of interference in certain circumstances.
  • 11.

    【2hr】Processing of Internal and External Signals for PerformanceMonitoring in the Context of Emotional Faces

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    机译 处理内部和外部信号以提高性能情绪面孔中的监视
    摘要：Performance monitoring can be based on internal or external signals. We recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate whether relating performance to external signals affects internal performance monitoring. Thirty participants performed a task in which responses were followed by faces whose expressions were partially contingent upon performance. Instructions given to half of the participants mentioned a link between task performance and the upcoming face expression. Instructed participants showed smaller error-related negativity (Ne/ERN) to erroneous responses and larger N170 to faces as compared to participants in the not-instructed group. In addition, we observed a correlation between ΔNe/ERN and P1-latency benefit for angry faces after errors. Taken together, processing of internally generated signals for performance monitoring is reduced by instructions referring to an emotional face. Furthermore, we relate the correlation between the magnitude of internal monitoring and facilitation in processing angry faces to priming induced by the negative affective meaning of errors.
  • 12.

    【2hr】A Diffusive-Particle Theory of Free Recall

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    机译 自由召回的扩散粒子理论
    摘要：Diffusive models of free recall have been recently introduced in the memory literature, but their potential remains largely unexplored. In this paper, a diffusive model of short-term verbal memory is considered, in which the psychological state of the subject is encoded as the instantaneous position of a particle diffusing over a semantic graph. The model is particularly suitable for studying the dependence of free-recall observables on the semantic properties of the words to be recalled. Besides predicting some well-known experimental features (forward asymmetry, semantic clustering, word-length effect), a novel prediction is obtained on the relationship between the contiguity effect and the syllabic length of words; shorter words, by way of their wider semantic range, are predicted to be characterized by stronger forward contiguity. A fresh analysis of archival free-recall data allows to confirm this prediction.
  • 13.

    【2hr】Repetition Blindness for Faces: A Comparison of Face Identity,Expression, and Gender Judgments

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    机译 面部重复失明：面部识别比较，表情和性别判断
    摘要：Repetition blindness (RB) refers to the impairment in reporting two identical targets within a rapid serial visual presentation stream. While numerous studies have demonstrated RB for words and picture of objects, very few studies have examined RB for faces. This study extended this research by examining RB when the two faces were complete repeats (same emotion and identity), identity repeats (same individual, different emotion), and emotion repeats (different individual, same emotion) for identity, gender, and expression judgment tasks. Complete RB and identity RB effects were evident for all three judgment tasks. Emotion RB was only evident for the expression and gender judgments. Complete RB effects were larger than emotion or identity RB effects across all judgment tasks. For the expression judgments, there was more emotion than identity RB. The identity RB effect was larger than the emotion RB effect for the gender judgments. Cross task comparisons revealed larger complete RB effects for the expression and gender judgments than the identity decisions. There was a larger emotion RB effect for the expression than gender judgments and the identity RB effect was larger for the gender than for the identity and expression judgments. Theseresults indicate that while faces are subject to RB, this is affected by thetype of repeated information and relevance of the facial characteristic to thejudgment decision. This study provides further support for the operation ofseparate processing mechanisms for face gender, emotion, and identityinformation within models of face recognition.
  • 14.

    【2hr】Trypophobic Discomfort is Spatial-Frequency Dependent

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    机译 胰恐惧症不适取决于空间频率
    摘要：Clusters of holes, such as those in a lotus seedpod, induce trypophobic discomfort. Previous research has demonstrated that high-contrast energy at midrange spatial frequencies in images causes trypophobic discomfort. The present study examined the effects on discomfort of eliminating various spatial frequency components from the images to reveal how each spatial frequency contributes to the discomfort. Experiment 1 showed that eliminating midrange spatial frequencies did not affect trypophobic discomfort, while Experiment 2 revealed that images of holes that consisted of only high-spatial frequencies evoked less discomfort than other images and that images containing only low or midrange spatial frequencies induced as much trypophobic discomfort as did the original images. Finally, Experiment 3 found that participants with a high level of the trypophobic trait experienced stronger discomfort from the original images and the images containing only low or midrange spatial frequencies than participants with a low level of the trypophobic trait. Our findings thus suggest that trypophobic discomfort can be induced by middle and low spatial frequencies.
  • 15.

    【2hr】Gender Classification Based on Eye Movements: A Processing EffectDuring Passive Face Viewing

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    机译 基于眼动的性别分类：一种加工效果被动面部查看期间
    摘要：Studies have revealed superior face recognition skills in females, partially due to their different eye movement strategies when encoding faces. In the current study, we utilized these slight but important differences and proposed a model that estimates the gender of the viewers and classifies them into two subgroups, males and females. An eye tracker recorded participant’s eye movements while they viewed images of faces. Regions of interest (ROIs) were defined for each face. Results showed that the gender dissimilarity in eye movements was not due to differences in frequency of fixations in the ROI s per se. Instead, it was caused by dissimilarity in saccade paths between the ROIs. The difference enhanced when saccades were towards the eyes. Females showed significant increase in transitions from other ROI s to the eyes. Consequently, the extraction of temporal transient information of saccade paths through a transition probability matrix, similar to a first order Markov chain model, significantly improved the accuracy of the gender classification results.
  • 16.

    【2hr】Daytime Effect of Monochromatic Blue Light on EEG Activity Depends onDuration and Timing of Exposure in Young Men

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    机译 单色蓝光对脑电活动的白天影响取决于年轻人接触的时间和时间
    摘要：Growing evidence suggests an alerting effect of monochromatic blue light on brain activity. Little is known about the moderation of those effects by timing and duration of exposure. The present electroencephalography (EEG ) study examined such moderations on delta, theta, alpha1, alpha2, and beta EEG bands. A counterbalanced repeated-measures design was applied. The 16-hr daytime period was divided into three sessions: 07:00-12:20, 12:20-17:40, and 17:40-23:00 (timing of exposure). Two light conditions comparable in luminance but differing in wavelength were applied, namely polychromatic white light and monochromatic blue light (460 nm). There were two durations of exposure—the shorter one lasting 30 min and the longer one lasting 4 hrs. Thirty male students participated in the study. Four factors analyses of variance (ANOV As, for light conditions, timing of exposure, duration of exposure, and brain area) were performed on each EEG band. Results indicated an alerting effect of short exposure to monochromatic blue light at midday and in the evening, which was demonstrated by a decrease in lower frequency bands (alpha1, delta, and theta, respectively). Long exposure to blue light may have a reverse effect, especially in the morning and at midday, when increases in lower frequency bands (theta inthe morning and theta and alpha1 at midday) were observed. It can be concludedthat the daytime effect of monochromatic blue light on EEG activity depends ontiming and duration of exposure.
  • 17.

    【2hr】Selective Effects of Sport Expertise on the Stages of Mental RotationTasks With Object-Based and Egocentric Transformations

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    机译 体育专长对心理旋转阶段的选择性作用具有基于对象和自我中心转换的任务
    摘要：It is well established that motor expertise is linked to superior mental rotation ability, but few studies have attempted to explain the factors that influence the stages of mental rotation in sport experts. Some authors have argued that athletes are faster in the perceptual and decision stages but not in the rotation stages of object-based transformations; however, stimuli related to sport have not been used to test mental rotation with egocentric transformations. Therefore, 24 adolescent elite divers and 23 adolescent nonathletes completed mental rotation tasks with object-based and egocentric transformations. The results showed faster reaction times (RTs) for the motor experts in tasks with both types of transformations (object-based cube, object-based body, and egocentric body). Additionally, the differences in favour of motor experts in the perceptual and decision stages were confirmed. Interestingly, motor experts also outperformed nonathletes in the rotation stages in the egocentric transformations. These findings are discussed against the background of the effects of sport expertise on mental rotation.
  • 18.

    【2hr】Examining Developmental Changes in Children’s Motor Imagery: ALongitudinal Study

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    机译 检查儿童运动图像的发展变化：A纵向研究
    摘要：Using a longitudinal design, the present study examined developmental changes in the employment of (motor) imagery strategies on the hand laterality judgment (HLJ) task in children. All children (N = 23) participated three times, at ages of 5, 6, and 7 years. Error percentages and response durations were compared to a priori defined sinusoid models, representing different strategies to judge hand laterality. Response durations of correct and incorrect trials were included. Observed data showed that task performance was affected by motor constraints, both in children who performed accurately at 5 years of age and in the children who did not. This is the first study to show that 5-year-olds—even when not successful at the task—employ motor imagery when engaged in this task. Importantly, although the children became faster and more accurate with age, no developmental changes in the employed motor imagery strategy were observed at ages of 5, 6, and 7 years. We found that 5-year-old children are able to use a motor imagery strategy to perform the HL J task. Although performance on this task improved with age, our analyses showed that the employed strategy to solve this task remained invariant across age.
  • 19.

    【2hr】Generalized Benford’s Law as a Lie Detector

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    机译 本福德定律作为测谎仪
    摘要：The first significant (leftmost nonzero) digit of seemingly random numbers often appears to conform to a logarithmic distribution, with more 1s than 2s, more 2s than 3s, and so forth, a phenomenon known as Benford’s law. When humans try to produce random numbers, they often fail to conform to this distribution. This feature grounds the so-called Benford analysis, aiming at detecting fabricated data. A generalized Benford’s law (GBL), extending the classical Benford’s law, has been defined recently. In two studies, we provide some empirical support for the generalized Benford analysis, broadening the classical Benford analysis. We also conclude that familiarity with the numerical domain involved as well as cognitive effort only have a mild effect on the method’s accuracy and can hardly explain the positive results provided here.
  • 20.

    【2hr】Human Eye Movements After Viewpoint Shifts in Edited Dynamic Scenesare Under Cognitive Control

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    机译 编辑后的动态场景中视点移动后的人眼运动在认知控制下
    摘要：We tested whether viewers have cognitive control over their eye movements after cuts in videos of real-world scenes. In the critical conditions, scene cuts constituted panoramic view shifts: Half of the view following a cut matched the view on the same scene before the cut. We manipulated the viewing task between two groups of participants. The main experimental group judged whether the scene following a cut was a continuation of the scene before the cut. Results showed that following view shifts, fixations were determined by the task from 250 ms until 1.5 s: Participants made more and earlier fixations on scene regions that matched across cuts, compared to nonmatching scene regions. This was evident in comparison to a control group of participants that performed a task that did not require judging scene continuity across cuts, and did not show the preference for matching scene regions. Our results illustrate that viewing intentions can have robust and consistent effects on gaze behavior in dynamic scenes, immediately after cuts.
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