Rationalizing Acid Zeolite Performance on the Nanoscaleby Correlative Fluorescence and Electron Microscopy

摘要

The performance of zeolites as solid acid catalysts is strongly influenced by the accessibility of active sites. However, synthetic zeolites typically grow as complex aggregates of small nanocrystallites rather than perfect single crystals. The structural complexity must therefore play a decisive role in zeolite catalyst applicability. Traditional tools for the characterization of heterogeneous catalysts are unable to directly relate nanometer-scale structural properties to the corresponding catalytic performance. In this work, an innovative correlative super-resolution fluorescence and scanning electron microscope is applied, and the appropriate analysis procedures are developed to investigate the effect of small-port H-mordenite (H-MOR) morphology on the catalytic performance, along with the effects of extensive acid leaching. These correlative measurements revealed catalytic activity at the interface between intergrown H-MOR crystallites that was assumed inaccessible, without compromising the shape selective properties. Furthermore, it was found that extensive acid leaching led to an etchingof the originally accessible microporous structure, rather than theformation of an extended mesoporous structure. The associated transitionof small-port to large-port H-MOR therefore did not render the fullcatalyst particle functional for catalysis. The applied characterizationtechnique allows a straightforward investigation of the zeolite structure–activityrelationship beyond the single-particle level. We conclude that suchinformation will ultimately lead to an accurate understanding of therelationship between the bulk scale catalyst behavior and the nanoscalestructural features, enabling a rationalization of catalyst design.