邻近性与中国企业出口市场的地理扩张

摘要

The geographical expansion of the export market has attracted the attention of geographers in recent years. The global financial crisis in 2008 and 2011 have proved that highly concentrated export models are vulnerable to external shocks. Stablizing exports need not only to consolidate and deepen the export of both trading partners and products, but also to open up new markets. Many researches have indicated that the geographical expansion of the export market has significantly contributed to the growth of a country's exports. Based on the gravity model and the extended gravity model,and using the export data of the Chinese customs database in 2002-2011, this paper is to examine the spatial patterns and driving forces of geographical market expansion of Chinese exporters.The purpose of this study is to provide an empirical case study of a large country in the transformation and make some contributions to the development of theoretical models. Against the background of the slow progress of China's expansion of domestic demand, the short-term economic must rely on external demand, exploring the mechanism and channel of enterprises'export expansion can also provide a micro foundation for the current macro trade policy.It is suggested that the export markets of Chinese exporters are changing from centralization to diversification. And based on conditional logit model, statistical results show that the incumbent exporters tend to open up new markets which are culturally, politically and geographically close to China or to the previous markets in order to reduce the trade costs. Chinese exporters are also more likely to search new market via previous markets. In this way, geographical market expansion of Chinese exporters is somewhat path dependent. Especially for state-owned enterprises, proximity is an important factor for the decision making of enterprises' export market expansion, among which the political proximity of the countries has played the most important role.%出口市场的地理扩张对一国出口增长有重要贡献,其扩张机制受到经济地理学和国际贸易的广泛关注.该文在国际贸易理论模型的最新进展基础上,分析2002年~2011年中国海关数据库中企业—目的国层面的出口数据,发现中国企业的出口模式正由集约向多样化转变;并进一步运用条件逻辑模型考察企业出口市场的地理扩张机制,得出结论:对于在位出口企业而言,其进入新市场主要通过直接搜索和间接搜索两条途径:即向与中国或者与原有出口市场邻近性较高的国家扩张,以此减少开拓新市场所需支付的贸易成本,而研究证明间接搜索方式是中国企业进入新出口地的主要途径,因此企业的出口目的国扩张具有一定的路径依赖性.尤其是对国有企业,邻近性是企业出口市场扩张决策的重要影响因素,其中,国家间的政治邻近性发挥了重要作用.