Pancreatic metastases are rare,with a reported incidence varying from 1.6%to 11%in autopsy studies of patients with advanced malignancy.In clinical series,the frequency of pancreatic metastases ranges from 2%to 5%of all pancreatic malignant tumors.However,the pancreas is an elective site for metastases from carcinoma of the kidney and this peculiarity has been reported by several studies.The epidemiology,clinical presentation,and treatment of pancreatic metastases from renal cell carcinoma are known from singleinstitution case reports and literature reviews.Thereis currently very limited experience with the surgical resection of isolated pancreatic metastasis,and the role of surgery in the management of these patients has not been clearly defined.In fact,for many years pancreatic resections were associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality,and metastatic disease to the pancreas was considered to be a terminal-stage condition.More recently,a significant reduction in the operative risk following major pancreatic surgery has been demonstrated,thus extending the indication for these operations to patients with metastatic disease.
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机译:Real-time Simultaneous Measurement of Pancreatic β Cell Electrophysiology and Fluorescent Bioimaging Based on High-resolution Thin-film Transistor Microelectrode Arrays
机译:Retraction Notice: Jinshui He Xu Zhang Chaowei Lian Jinzhi Wu Yanling Fang Xiaoling Ye. Exendin-4 prevented pancreatic beta cells from apoptosis in (Type I) diabetic mouse via keap1-Nrf2 signaling