A protective role of the sex steroid hormone estrogenin hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) was suggested a few decades ago according to clinical data showing higher HCC morbidity and mortality among males. Several recent studies further confirmed the anti-cancer effects of estrogen in the liver. However, it remains to be identified how to exploit estrogen signalling within clinical settings for HCC treatment. There are several unresolved issues related to the estrogen pathway in liver cells. The main problems include the absence of a clear understanding of which estrogen receptor(ER) isoform is predominantly expressed in normal and malignant liver cells, the ER isoform expression difference between males and females, and which ER isoform should be targeted when designing HCC therapy. Some of those questions were recently addressed by Iyer and coauthors. The current editorial review critically analyses the study by Iyer et al(WJG, 2017) that investigated the expression of ER subtypes in liver samples collected from patients with a healthy liver, hepatitis C virus cirrhosis, and HCC. ER presence was evaluated in association with gender, intracellular localization, inflammation marker NF-kB, and proliferation-related effector cyclin D1. The study limitations and advantages are discussed in light of recent advances in the HCC and estrogen signalling areas.
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机译:Structure Determination and Mechanistic Insights of: I.Cyanobacteriochrome NpR6012g4 Light Sensor Protein in Phototaxis II.Retinal Degeneration 3 (RD3) Protein in Vision III.Ryanodine Receptor 2 (RyR2) Regulation by Calmodulin (CaM) in Cardiac Function =结构测定和机理洞悉:I.趋光性中的蓝细菌色素NpR6012g4光敏蛋白 II.视觉作用中的视网膜退化蛋白3 III.心脏功能中的钙调蛋白调控兰诺定受体2