渭北旱塬区不同沟垄覆盖模式对春玉米土壤温度、水分及产量的影响

摘要

In order to improve rainfall utilization efficiency and increase water availability for crops in dry farming area, a field experiment was conducted in 2007-2010 at Heyang Dryland Farming Experimental Station in Shaanxi province of China to determine the effect of different ridge and furrow with mulching cultivation patterns on soil water, soil temperature, yield of spring maize, and economic returns. The ridges were covered with common plastic film in all treatments, while different furrows were mulched with common plastic film, biodegradable film, corn straw, liquid film and uncovering, respectively. The flat plot without mulch was used as the control. The results obtained in a four-year experiment showed that, at the seedling stage of maize, the average temperature in 5-25 cm soil layer under common plastic film and biodegradable film were 2.4℃ and 2.1℃higher than that of the control respectively. In contrast, the temperature under corn straw covering was 1.7°C lower than that of the control. Besides, the different rainwater harvesting treatments could improve soil moisture in the early growth of maize. There was no difference in the soil moisture level between corn straw, liquid film, uncovering and the control during the middle and late growth of maize. However, the soil moisture of common plastic film and biodegradable film in deep soil layer were lower than that of the control. Compared with the control, the 4-year average maize yield with biodegradable film, common plastic film, and corn straw mulching significantly increased by 35.2%, 34.7% and 33.6%, and the average water use efficiency increased by 30.6%, 30.2% and 28.6%, respectively. The total net income with corn straw mulching was the highest, followed by biodegradable film mulching, and the total net income increased by 3 299 and 2 752 Yuan/hm2 respectively, compared to the control. It was concluded that when the ridges were covered with common plastic film, the furrows was mulched with biodegradable film or straw, not only the soil water and temperature conditions were improved, but also the maize yield and net income were increased. Therefore, these two treatments are considered as efficient for maize production in Weibei Highland area.%为提高旱作区降水利用率,改善作物的水分有效性,于2007-2010年在陕西合阳县旱农试验站,设置了垄上覆地膜,沟内分别覆普通地膜、生物降解膜、玉米秸秆、液体地膜和沟不覆盖5个不同沟垄覆盖栽培模式.以传统平作为对照,研究了不同沟垄覆盖栽培模式对春玉米田土壤温度、水分及产量的影响,并对其经济效益进行了比较分析.4a结果表明,沟覆普通地膜和沟覆生物降解膜处理玉米苗期5～25 cm平均土壤温度分别较对照增高2.4和2.1℃;沟覆玉米秸秆处理较对照降低1.7℃.不同集雨处理均能显著改善玉米前期土壤水分,而后期沟覆玉米秸秆、沟覆液体地膜和和沟不覆盖处理0～200 cm土层土壤贮水量与对照无差异,沟覆普通地膜和沟覆生物降解膜处理下层土壤贮水量低于其他处理.沟覆生物降解膜、沟覆普通地膜和沟覆玉米秸秆处理增产效果显著,4a平均产量分别较对照增产35.2％、34.7％和33.6％,平均水分利用效率提高30.6％、30.2％和28.6％.沟覆玉米秸秆处理净收入最高,生物降解膜次之,4a平均净收入分别较对照增加3 299和2 752元/hm2.因此,垄覆普通地膜沟覆秸秆和垄覆普通地膜沟覆生物降解膜处理在改善土壤水温效应的同时能显著增产增收,是渭北旱塬区春玉米的高效栽培模式.