国外新一代载人飞船减速着陆技术研究

摘要

新一代的载人飞船向着多功能化、多任务目标适应性的方向发展,可重复使用性和精确着陆的要求逐步提高.文章介绍了美国多用途乘员飞行器(MPCV)、乘员航天运输-100飞船(CST-100)、龙(Dragon)飞船,以及俄罗斯新型载人航天运输系统(PPTS)等典型的新一代载人飞船的减速着陆技术;主要研究了降落伞系统、减速着陆工作程序及着陆缓冲系统;分析了在气动减速和着陆缓冲方面采用的群伞技术、着陆缓冲技术、精确着陆控制技术;提出我国在新一代载人飞船研制时应大力开展群伞系统、大载重着陆缓冲系统的研制,并进行减速与着陆缓冲系统地面试验和空投试验技术的研究.%The new generation manned spacecraft is developing toward the direction of more functional and multiple objectives.The requirements of reusable and precise landing are gradually improved.The paper introduces the descent and landing technologies of the new generation manned spacecraft of the American MPCV(Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle),CST-100(Commercial Space Transportation-100),Dragon and Russian PPTS (Prospective Piloted Transport System).The parachute system,decent and landing sequence and cushion landing system of these spacecraft are studied.The parachute cluster,cushion landing and precise landing control technologies of the aerodynamic deceleration,descent and landing systems are analyzed.Some suggestions for the development of manned spacecraft of China are proposed,such as developing parachute cluster and cushion landing system,researching the ground test and airdrop test technologies of the decent and cushion landing system,and so on.