新型肥料对贵州黄壤区玉米干物质积累、养分吸收及氮素利用率的影响

摘要

[Objective] The study aims to screen new fertilizer varieties for corn cultivation under the easy and simplified cultivation pattern in yellow soil area of Guizhou.[Method] The effects of four new fertilizer varieties (Stable sustainable release fertilizer,Wolf slow release fertilizer,Qianlima slow controlled release fertilizer and Long effective nitrogen fertilizer) on dry matter accumulation,nutrient absorption and nitrogen use efficiency of Qiandan 24 were studied by a field test.[Result] The applying new fertilizers once and traditional multi-times topdressing can increase dry matter accumulation of corn overground parts compared with no fertilizer application significantly.The dry matter accumulation of corn overground parts applied with Wolf slow release fertilizer is significantly higher than traditional fertilization and there is no obvious difference in dry matter accumulation between other three new fertilizers and traditional fertilization.There are differences in time and rate of nutrient release among four new fertilizers,which results in the difference in nutrient absorption of corn plants.There is no obvious difference in grain nitrogen absorption amount among Stable sustainable release fertilizer,Wolf slow release fertilizer and traditional fertilization but the grain nitrogen absorption amount of corn plants applied with Qianlima slow controlled release fertilizer and Long effective nitrogen fertilizer is lower than traditional fertilization significantly.Applying Stable sustainable release fertilizer,Wolf slow release fertilizer and Qianlima slow controlled release fertilizer can increase grain phosphorous absorption amount significantly.There is no obvious difference in grain potassium absorption amount between four new fertilizers and traditional fertilization.The nitrogen harvest index of corn plants applied with Stable sustainable release fertilizer is the highest (67.92 ％) among four new fertilizers and traditional fertilization.[Conclusion] The Stable sustainable release fertilizer and Wolf slow release fertilizer patterns with time and labor saving can increase dry matter accumulation of corn plants and keep grain yield compared with the traditional fertilization pattern with time and labor consuming.Therefore,the Stable sustainable release fertilizer and Wolf slow release fertilizer should be popularized and applied in corn production in yellow soil areas of Guizhou.%[目的]为筛选出适合贵州黄壤区玉米轻简化栽培模式的新型肥料品种,[方法]以玉米品种黔单24为试验对象,采用大田试验探索不同养分释放原理的新型肥料(稳定性长效缓释肥、沃夫特缓释肥、千里马缓控释肥和长效氮肥)对玉米干物质积累、养分吸收及氮素利用率的影响.[结果]一次性施入新型肥料和传统多次追肥模式与不施肥相比,均能显著提高玉米地上部分干物质积累总量,其中沃夫特缓释肥的干物质积累总量显著高于传统施肥,其他3种新型肥料则与传统施肥无显著差异.不同新型肥料的养分释放时期和释放速率存在差异,造成玉米对养分的吸收利用情况不同,稳定性长效缓释肥和沃夫特缓释肥处理籽粒N吸收量与传统施肥处理无显著差异,千里马缓控释肥和长效氮肥处理籽粒N吸收量显著低于传统施肥处理;稳定性长效缓释肥、沃夫特缓释肥和千里马缓控释肥处理显著提高籽粒中P吸收量;新型肥料处理籽粒中K吸收量与传统施肥处理无显著差异.稳定性长效缓释肥氮素收获指数最高,达67.92％.[结论]与耗时费工的传统施肥方式相比,稳定性长效缓释肥和沃夫特缓释肥省时省工,提高玉米整株干物质积累量,且产量无显著变化,二者更适合在贵州黄壤区玉米生产上推广应用.