不同施肥量对贵州高产玉米养分吸收、生物性状、产量及品质的影响

摘要

在贵州黄壤地区开展了以玉米品种(“金玉506”和“黔单24”)为主区，不同施肥量为副区处理的大田裂区试验，探讨贵州两种高密度栽培品种玉米的产量、生物性状、养分吸收和品质对不同施肥量的响应。结果表明：不同施肥量对玉米品种产量有显著影响。“金玉506”产量随施肥量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势，以常规密度种植推荐施肥量增量15%处理产量最高，达10229．3 kg/hm2；而“黔单24”略有不同，其产量随施肥量增加呈降低趋势，以推荐施肥量处理最高，为9434．1 kg/hm2。从产量构成因素看，品种与施肥量对玉米穗粗和千粒重有显著影响，两种玉米品种的千粒重随施肥量增加均呈增加趋势，增幅分别为2．2%~10．3%和3．2%~6．8%。在生物性状方面，“金玉506”以推荐施肥量增量15%处理玉米的株高、穗位高和茎粗最优，分别为308．5、130．4和2．6 cm；而“黔单24”以推荐施肥量处理株高、穗位高和茎粗达最大，分别为311．6、138．0和2．43 cm。从养分吸收看，品种和施肥量对玉米植株的养分吸收有显著影响，其中“金玉506”植株氮、磷和钾的吸收量均随施肥量的增加而增加，增幅分别为24．8%~32．7%、44%~47．8%和5．9%~45．6%；而“黔单24”植株氮、磷和钾吸收量均随施肥量的增加而降低，降幅分别为3．8%~13%、11．8%~23．5%和3．9%~15%。在品质方面，合理施肥量有利于提高玉米的淀粉和粗蛋白含量，而过高施肥量会导致玉米品质的降低。因此，根据不同玉米品种的养分需求规律进行科学合理的施肥有利于促进玉米的养分吸收，提高产量和改善品质。%A field split plot experiment was conducted in Guizhou yellow soil areas to explore the effects of fertilizing amount and cultivar difference on maize yield, biological traits, nutrient absorption and quality. Results showed that interaction of fer-tilizing amount and cultivars had very significant influence on maize yield. In this study, yield of Jinyu 506 increased firstly and then decreased with the fertilizing amount increasing, which reached the highest 10 229. 3 km/hm2 when the fertilizing a-mount was moderate increasing 15%. Yield of Qiandan 24 decreased with the increasing of fertilizing amount, which reached the highest 9 434. 1 kg/hm2 when the fertilizing amount was at the recommended amount. Yield components of different treat-ments had significant difference. Cultivar and fertilizing amount had significant effects on ear diameter and kernel weight of maize. Thousand-grain weight of the two maize cultivars increased with the increase of fertilizing amount, which increased by 2. 2% ~10. 3% and 3. 2% ~6. 8% respectively. As for biological traits, plant height, ear height and stem diameter of Jinyu 506 were the best with moderate fertilizing amount, which were 308. 5, 130. 4 and 2. 6 cm respectively. Plant height, ear height and stem diameter of Qiandan 24 were the best with recommended fertilization amount, which were 311. 6, 138. 0 and 2. 43 cm respectively. Cultivar and fertilizing amount had significant effects on nutrient uptake of maize plant. Nitrogen, phos-phorus and potassium uptake of Jinyu 506 increased with the increasing of fertilizing amount by 24. 8% ~32. 7%, 44% ~47. 8% and 5. 9% ~45. 6% respectively. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake of Qiandan 24 decreased with the in-creasing of fertilizing amount by 3. 8% ~13%, 11. 8% ~23. 5% and 3. 9% ~15% respectively. In quality, fertilizing a-mount and cultivar had certain effects on maize quality, increasing fertilizing amount was beneficial for increasing the content of starch and protein, the content of reducing sugar decreased with the increase of fertilizer application. According to the nutrient requirements of different maize cultivars, scientific and reasonable fertilization was conducive to improve the biological charac-ters, nutrient absorption, and then promoting the improvement of yield and quality of maize.