Long term fertilization with chemical fertilizer or manure has significantly affected soil fertility and agro-ecosystem stability in Chinese cropland. Microorganism plays an important role in soil nutrient cycling and soil fertility development. Its activity, diversity and community composition are the key indexes in estimating soil fertility and agro-ecosystem stability. With the development of methodology and technology of soil microorganism investigation, using microbiological parameters to evaluate soil fertility and health effectively, response mechanisms of soil microbe to different fertilization, regulation of soil nutrients by functional microbe, etc, have been the hotspots in soil ecology. In this paper, the research progress in soil microbial quantity and activity, bacterial community and ammonia oxidizer were summarized based on the long-term fertilization experiment in China. The response of eight most common bacterial phylum to fertilization and its driven factors were also reanalyzed and addressed. Finally some issues on future soil microbiology studies and its application in agricultural production were proposed.%长期施用化肥和有机肥显著改变了我国土壤肥力和农田生态系统的稳定性.微生物在土壤养分循环和肥力形成过程中扮演了重要角色,其数量、多样性及群落结构是评价土壤肥力和农田生态系统稳定性的重要指标.随着研究土壤微生物的方法和技术的成熟,当前关于如何选择微生物学参数以有效评价土壤肥力及健康状况、土壤微生物对不同施肥管理措施的响应机制及功能微生物如何调控土壤养分循环等问题已成为土壤生态学中的研究热点.本文梳理了基于我国长期定位施肥农田的土壤微生物学研究进展,综合分析了土壤微生物生物量和酶活性、细菌群落及近些年倍受关注的氨氧化菌群落三方面的研究进展及发展方向,其中综合分析了构成细菌群落的八大门类菌群对施肥的响应及其驱动因素,最后从不同角度提出了微生物在土壤学及农业生产中的研究和应用方向.
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