By using the methods of literature material and logical analysis, the paper explores the essence of sports training with the help of the biological adaptation theory in order to provide the theoretical basis for improving the athletic ability. The purpose of the sports training is the transformation of human beings practice;its essence not only is based on the homeostatic biological adaptation but also is the application and development of homeostasis theory. In training, the stress response of a biological can elevate the level of the organism’s ability by training load. The process and mechanism of adaptation can be explained by the stress theory. For a stressor, training stimulus can cause two internal effects on the organism. There are classified as fatigue (negative effect) and fitness (positive effect). Within the effective time, the final performance of any training stimulus is the summation of these two effects.%采用文献资料法和逻辑分析法，借助生物适应理论探讨运动训练的本质，为提高运动员竞技能力提供理论依据。运动训练是有目的的改造人类自身的实践活动，其本质就是基于内稳态的生物适应，是对内稳态理论的应用与发展。运动训练中人体对训练负荷产生的应激反应，能引起有机体机能水平的适应性提高，适应过程和适应机理均可通过应激学说来解释。训练刺激会给机体内部带来正负两种效应：适应效应和疲劳效应。在有效的时间内，任何一次训练刺激最终表现为正负两种效应的综合。
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