有机肥和化肥不同比例配施对冬小麦—夏玉米生长、产量和品质的影响

摘要

为寻求合理的有机肥替代化肥比例,探索有机肥和化肥配施对冬小麦-夏玉米生长、产量和品质的影响,在山东典型农区,采取大田小区试验,设5个施肥处理:(1)100％有机肥(M),(2)75％有机肥+25％化肥配施(MNPK1),(3)50％有机肥+50％化肥配施(MNPK2),(4)25％有机肥+75％化肥配施(MNPK3),(5)100％化肥(NPK),以不施任何肥料的地块为对照(CK).结果显示:以MNPK3处理冬小麦-夏玉米周年产量最高,达12 565.95 kg/hm2(其中,冬小麦6 188.15 kg/hm2、夏玉米6 377.79 kg/hm2),较对照提高1.20倍(其中,冬小麦90.5％、夏玉米1.59倍),与NPK处理产量差异不显著.有机肥与化肥不同配比处理,冬小麦-夏玉米籽粒粗蛋白含量均有所提高,以成熟期籽粒粗蛋白含量为例,75％有机肥与25％的化肥配比处理效果显著,冬小麦粗蛋白含量较对照提高1.29倍,较化肥提高3％,夏玉米粗蛋白较对照提高53％,较化肥提高7％.100％有机肥处理冬小麦籽粒面团形成时间、面团稳定时间和沉淀值均明显改善,较全化肥处理分别提高3.95％、4.32％、降低2.55％.在兼顾产量和籽粒品质等因素下,利用常规化肥用量的75％其余亏缺的养分用有机肥补充,能获得比单施化肥处理更高的产量,并在一定程度上改善作物品质,减少过度使用化肥造成的环境污染.%A field plot experiment was carried out in typical rural areas in Shandong Province to study the optimum ratio of organic manure and chemical fertilizer and the effects of combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on growth,yield and quality of winter wheat and summer maize.There were 5 treatments,100％ organic manure (M),75％ organic manure and 25％ chemical fertilizer (MNPK1),half organic manure and half chemical fertilizer (MNPK2),25％ organic manure and 75％ chemical fertilizer (MNPK3),and 100％ chemical fertilizer (NPK); no fertilization was set as control (CK).The results showed that annual yield treated with MNPK3 was the highest of 12 565.95 kg/hm2 (winter wheat of 6 188.15 kg/hm2,summer maize of 6 377.79 kg/hm2),1.20 times (winter wheat by 90.5％,summer maize by 1.59 times) than that of CK,while it had no significant different with that of NPK treatment.Grain crude protein contents all increased under different treatments.Taking crude grain protein content at mature stage for example,MNPK1 treatment had significant effect:crude protein content of winter wheat was 1.29 times and 3 ％ higher than that of CK and NPK respectively; and the content of summer maize increased by 53％ and 7％ than that of CK and NPK respectively.The dough forming time,dough stability time and precipitation value of winter wheat all improved significantly under M treatment,and increased by 3.95％,4.32％ and decreased by 2.55％ respectively than that of NPK treatment.Comprehensively considering yield and quality,25％ organic manure and 75％ chemical fertilizer was the ideal ratio,which could obtain higher yield than NPK,improve quality to some extent and reduce environment pollution.