R- Merton discussed how the scientific reward system came into being and how it advanced science based on analyzing the aims of organizational scientific system the scientists should obey and scientific discovery priority disputation among scientists. However, Merton' s theory on scientific rewards is only suitable to "little science" not the "big science" nowadays. But B. Latour put forward a new theory different from R. Merton' s on how the scientific knowledge produces. Based on the social context of " big science" , Latour elaborated the relation between science investigation and the political and economic situations and put forward a theory different from Merton' s on scientific reward which can answer the questions the latter can ' t.%R.默顿从科学的建制目标和科学家的行为规范入手,基于科学发现优先权之争的分析,论述了科学奖励系统的产生及其在科学社会运行中的作用.然而,默顿的科学奖励机制理论的考察对象仅局限于科学发展历程中的“小科学”阶段, 因而具有一定局限性.以拉图尔为代表的科学知识社会学派从社会建构视角对科学知识的生产进行了微观解剖,提出了新的科学知识观,揭示了科学活动与社会政治、经济等方面的内在联系,对科学奖励机制进行了独特的解读,在某种程度上弥补了默顿理论的不足.
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