生物矿化:无机化学和生物医学间的桥梁之一

摘要

Biomineralization refers to the processes by which organisms form minerals.The control exerted by many organisms over mineral formation distinguishes these processes from abiotic mineralization.In living organisms,nanoscale building blocks combine into self-assembled biominerals under the control of an organic matrix.Biomineralization,especially mineralization of unicellular organisms,physiologic and pathological mineralization,plays a vital role in biology and materials research and could offer a variety of inspirations for biomaterials design and biomedical engineering.As the basic building blocks of biological hard tissues such as bone,dentin,and enamel,hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanoparticles play an important role in the construction of biominerals.As analogues of biological units,nano-HAP can be used as ideal biomaterials due to their nice biocompatibility and bone/enamel integration.The construction of nanostructured calcium phosphates is highlighted in bone/tooth hard tissue engineering.Inspired by unicellular organisms,single cell and virus were entrapped in a biomimetic mineral shell and were endowed with enhanced resistance abilities in the hostile environment.Several ongoing works and related proceedings in this fields are highlighted in this article.The perspective from biomineralization to biomedical research including bone and teeth repair,cellular (virus) shell engineering are illustrated.As the bridge of inorganic chemistry and biomedicine,biomineralization is the well of knowledge for hard tissue repair,the guiding principle for preventing disease of pathological mineralization,the inspiration for cell interfacial engineering,and need to be exploited adequately.%生物矿化是生物体制造生物矿物的过程.在自然界中,生物矿物是在有机基质控制下可控有序组装而成的,这就决定了它不同于实验室中合成的普通矿物.单细胞矿化以及生理和病理性矿化,对于人们开展硬组织生物学研究以及生物材料设计合成具有很好的借鉴和启发意义.作为骨骼、牙齿的基本构筑单元,以及其良好的生物相容性和优异的骨牙整合性,磷酸钙纳米颗粒在生物矿物的组装方面和生物硬组织修复、组织工程等方面扮演着重要的角色.另外,受单细胞生物矿化启发的细胞(或病毒)壳化,可以赋予细胞(或病毒)更好的抗逆境能力.本文综述了生物矿化,尤其是单细胞矿化和生理、病理性矿化对生物医学的启示.结合近年来国内外相关研究进展,我们从骨、牙组织修复,细胞(病毒)壳化两个方面分别阐述了生物矿化作为无机化学和生物医学的桥梁作用.深入研究生物矿化的机理以及基于生物矿化的材料合成,对于生理性矿化的仿生修复、病理性矿化的预防治疗以及细胞界面工程等方面都具有重要的启发和实践意义.