我国压力容器设计制造与维护的绿色化与智能化

摘要

本世纪以来,我国压力容器科技工作者解决了过程工业生产规模大型化、介质环境苛刻化及安全长周期运行所面临的诸多技术难题,建立了基于全寿命周期风险可控的设计制造与维护技术方法,使得我国重要压力容器基本不再依赖进口,万台设备失效事故率逐年下降.然而,过程工业装置大型化导致的压力容器重型化问题愈发突出,不仅造成耗材耗能费工、加工制造困难,而且可能存在一定的安全隐患.如何在确保本质安全的前提下实现压力容器轻量化绿色设计制造,如何减少灾害条件下压力容器失效对环境造成的破坏污染,是我国“十二五”期间两个重点研究解决的突出问题.同时,近年来物联网、大数据等现代信息技术与人工智能技术快速发展,给我国压力容器传统技术带来了前所未有的机遇与挑战.如何与现代信息和人工智能技术深度融合,促进我国压力容器技术向数字化、网络化、智能化方向发展,也是我国压力容器技术工作者在“十二五”期间开始探索解决的另一个重要问题.本文简要回顾了“十二五”以来我国压力容器绿色化设计制造与维护、网络化远程运维技术进展,结合《中国制造2025》战略要求,提出了“十三五”期间以及今后人工智能发展背景下开展压力容器材料基因组与增材制造、网络协同制造与智能工厂、智能运行与维护等若干研究方向建议.%Since the beginning of this century,Chinese scientific and technical workers in the field of pressure vessels have solved many technical problems brought by production scale upsizing,harsh medium environment and long-term safe operation of process industries,and established the technological methods of design,manufacturing and maintenance based on life-cycle risk control.Based on these achievements,the important pressure vessels in China are no longer depend on importation,and the failure rate per ten thousand sets of equipment is decreasing year by year.However,the problem of heavy-duty trend of pressure vessels due to scale upsizing of the process industry plants becomes increasingly prominent,which not only causes large material,energy and labor consumption,and makes processing and manufacturing difficult,but also there may exist certain safety risks.The lightweighting,green design and manufacturing of pressure vessels under the premise of ensuring their inherent safety,and the reduction of environmental pollution caused by the failure of pressure vessels subjected to disasters,are two outstanding problems that need to be solved focally during China's "12th Five-Year Plan" period.At the same time,in recent years,the rapid development of modern information technology,such as Internet of Things,big data etc.and artificial intelligence technology has brought unprecedented opportunities and challenges to the traditional technology of pressure vessels in China.Another important problem that Chinese pressure vessel technical workers began to explore and solve in the "12th Five-Year Plan" period,is to deeply integrate with modern information and artificial intelligence technology so as to promote the development of Chinese pressure vessel technology toward the direction of digitalization,networking and intelligentization.This paper briefly reviews the progress of the green design,manufacturing and maintenance,network-based remote operation and maintenance technology of Chinese pressure vessels since the "12th Five-Year Plan".In combination with the strategic requirements of "Made in China 2025",this paper also proposes some research suggestions during the "13th Five-Year Plan" period and in the future,including the genome program of pressure vessel materials and additive manufacturing,network-based collaborative manufacturing and intelligent factory,intelligent operation and maintenance,etc.