人力资本:净输出还是净输入——基于对外贸易中虚拟劳动力的流动分析

摘要

International trade offers the opportunity for human capital flow across national borders.China is the world's second largest trading nation and most populous nation,and its economic development benefits significant from an abundance of cheap labors.Firstly,this paper presents a new model,called input-occupancy-output model of the non-competitive imports type capturing China's processing exports with classified employment.Secondly,based on this model,this paper proposes the concept and calculation formula of employment embodied in international trade.Thirdly,this paper calculates the human capital embodied in import,export and its structure in 2007.%改革开放以来中国以相对廉价的劳动力创造了“世界工厂”的奇迹,为中国经济快速崛起做出了突出贡献.本文将研究视角定位于对外贸易中货物服务生产所依赖的劳动力资源——虚拟劳动力的进出口流动,探讨中国不同学历劳动力依附于国际贸易产品的流动现状.通过建立中国特色的区分加工出口的非竞争型分学历就业投入占用产出模型,提出加工出口、非加工出口以及进口贸易中不同学历虚拟劳动力流动的概念和测算公式,进而实证.研究结果表明:如果仅考虑直接附加在贸易品上的劳动价值,中国是人力资本净输入国,如果考虑到贸易品的完全劳动价值,则中国是人力资本净输出国;无论是直接,还是完全分析,高学历虚拟劳动力的输入总是大于输出.