鲁哀公悼孔子的诔词献疑

摘要

传世春秋末年鲁哀公哀悼孔子的诔词,是现存中国古籍中所见最早的诔体文词,因孔子在文化史上的崇高地位而影响广泛,过去学者大都采信不疑.但据《左传》《礼记》等所记推考,此诔词并不是孔子去世之时哀公的悼词,《左传》所附子贡的评语亦为史家预言,其词的出现最早应在鲁哀公去世之后.疑其词或出于孔门后学祭孔时的托撰,系套用当时流行的王者加谥王公大臣的一种诔词格式,而流传开来之后,遂被指为鲁哀公的诔孔之词,在今天使用时当留意其产生的背景.%The ancient elegy written by Duke Ai of Lu for Confucius in the late Spring and Autumn period is the earliest elegy among the extant Chinese ancient books. It has an extensive influence due to Confu-cius' lofty position in the history of Chinese culture. Previously few scholars have ever doubted its origin. But according to the textual research of Tso Chuan and Book of Rites,the elegy is actually not composed by Duke Ai of Lu at the death of Confucius. Zi Gong's comments in Tso Chuan are also a proof that the elegy is believed to be finished after the death of Duke Ai of Lu. It is supposed that the elegy is composed in a then popular form of elegy, which was frequently used by emperors when they gave a posthumous name to royalty and nobles,in the name of Duke Ai of Lu by Confucius' disciples for the commemoration of Confucius. The origin of the elegy shall deserve special attention when the elegy is quoted.