农民日常反抗的道义标准与策略--斯科特的农民研究

摘要

This paper examines two aspects of James C.Scott's theory of “everyday resistance”.The first aspect refers to the moral foundations,criteria,and the logic of the peasant resistance.Poor peasants have a distinct sense of justice and morality,which contains two basic principles,namely,“the safety-first principle”and “the principle of reciprocity”.Any neglect and violation of these two principles will provoke peasants to anger and resistance.The second aspect of Scott's argument regards the forms that peasant resistance may take.Strength and cultural habitus determine that this will be everyday resistance rather than large-scale revolution.The seemingly insignificant resistance,including behavioral and sym-bolic,has its owe logic and influence the operation of everyday politics.Scott's study can be seen as a turning point in the field of peasant studies,which gives us theoretical resources for further investigation.%詹姆斯·斯科特的农民日常反抗理论包含两个层面的论证，第一个层面是小农反抗的道义基础、标准和逻辑，即在生存线上挣扎的小农具有特殊的公正感和道德感，它包含两个基本原则：“安全第一”和“互惠”，忽视或破坏这两个原则，会激起小农的愤怒和反抗。第二个层面是，小农的力量和文化习惯等因素决定了小农的反抗是“日常反抗”，而非大规模的革命。这些看似微不足道的隐微反抗，包括行为层面的和象征性符号层面的，有其自身逻辑和意义，并影响着日常政治的运行。斯科特的研究堪称农民研究史上的一个拐点，对当今农民理论研究具有重要的借鉴意义。