施肥措施对旱地小麦产量与土壤硝态氮残留的影响

摘要

为明确不同施肥措施在旱地小麦生产上的作用及最佳肥料施用技术,在山西洪洞县进行了4种施肥措施(农户施肥、测控施肥、有机肥无机肥配施和菌肥无机肥配施)条件下的田间试验,研究了其对土壤硝态氮残留、肥料残留及产量的影响.结果 表明,有机肥无机肥配施与菌肥无机肥配施这2种施肥措施显著提高了小麦的生物产量和经济产量;小麦生长的土壤硝态氮当季残留主要分布在土层的0～100 cm,且在各施肥措施下其大小顺序为:农户施肥>测控施肥>有机肥无机肥配施>菌肥无机肥配施,测控施肥、有机肥无机肥配施及菌肥无机肥配施措施下土壤的当季硝态氮残留分别比农户施肥降低了19％,48％和55％;同时,0～200 cm土层来源于农户施肥、测控施肥、有机肥无机肥配施、菌肥无机肥配施当季肥料的硝态氮残留率分别为35.87％,31.41％,22.93％和18.26％.菌肥无机肥配施、有机肥无机肥配施处理下可以显著提高小麦的产量和N肥利用率,并且可明显降低土壤中硝态氮的残留,因此,这2种施肥措施适宜在旱作小麦种植区大力推广应用.%To clarify the role of different fertilization measures in dryland wheat production and the best fertilizer application techniques, a field test was carried out in Hongdong, Shanxi province, in which the four kinds of fertilization measures (farmer fertilizer, monitoring fertilizer, fertilizer combined organic manure, and fertilizer combined bacterial manure)were conducted to study the effects of nitrate on soil nitrate-N residue, fertilizer residue and grain yield of dryland wheat. The results showed that the two kinds of fertilization measures combined with the application of fertilizer combined organic manure and fertilizer combined bacterial manure significantly improved the biological production and economic yield of wheat. The nitrate nitrogen residue in the season was mainly distributed in 0-100 cm soil layer, and the order of residual nitrate in different fertilization treatments was farmer fertilizer> monitoring fertilizer > fertilizer combined organic manure>fertilizer combined bacterial manure. The nitrate-N residue in the soil was reduced by 19％, 48％ and 55％, respectively, compared with the farmers' fertilization. Meanwhile, in the 0-200 cm soil layer derived from farmer fertilizer, monitoring fertilizer, fertilizer combined organic manure, and fertilizer combined bacterial manure, the residual rates of nitrate nitrogen in the season were 35.87％, 31.41％, 22.93％ and 18.26％. The two kinds of fertilization measures should be promoted and applied in the winter wheat planting area, and the application of fertilizer combined organic manure or combined bacterial manure can significantly improve the wheat yield, nitrogen utilization efficiency and reduce the residual nitrate nitrogen in the soil.