应用小羽藓-藓袋法研究上海地区2006～2011年间的5种重金属污染变化及区域分异

摘要

以细叶小羽藓(Haplocladium microphyllum)为材料的藓袋法和原子吸收光谱法,测定了上海地区不同样地2006和2011年间Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr 5种重金属元素含量.按照综合污染指数,污染最严重的地段有宝山钢研所等重工业区域和市中心交通流量大的地段,松江余山、上海动物园、崇明东平国家森林公园等郊外地段的重金属污染明显较轻.基于藓袋法所得的5个重金属元素含量数据的聚类和主成成分.分析表明:20个样地分成3个类型,反映出上海地区5种重金属污染存在明显的区域分化,这一结果与基于综合污染指数反映出的区域污染差异有很好的对应性.与2006年相比,2011年5种重金属元素在上海地区的16个样地的变化差异明显,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Cr含量有显著或极显著增加的样地数分别占了测定样地数的93.75％、87.5％、68.75％、50.00％和43.75％,没有显著变化的样地数分别为6.25％、6.25％、31.25％、50％和50％,仅宝山区钢研所样地的Zn和卢湾高级中学样地的Cr含量有显著或极显著减少,反映出2006 ～2011年间上海地区的大气质量没有得到改善,部分还在进一步恶化.虽然宝山区的钢研所污染最为严重,但是与2006年相比,环境恶化的趋势相对较弱,而闵行莘庄莘凌路等近郊新开发区的环境恶化却更为明显.讨论了金山石化、中山公园、余山公园等代表性地段2006 ～2011年间的大气环境变化特点.%By means of AAS method, the concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr in the plants of moss Haplocladium microphyl-lum in moss bags located in 16 sites in Shanghai during the period of 2006 -2011 were determined. Based on an integrated pollution index, the most serious pollution areas were Institute of Steel Science in Baoshan district with heavy industry and Zhongshan Park with heavy traffic, while Dongping national forest park in Chongming island in the suburb of Shanghai were slightly polluted. Cluster analysis and Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that 20 sites could be divided into three site groups to reveal the variation of five heavy metal elements. The pollution states of 20 sites based on the integrated pollution index were similar to those resulted from Cluster analysis and PCA. Compared with those in 2006, the changes of five heavy elements in 16 sites in 2011 varied much. The sites with distinct concentration increase for Cu,Zn, Pb,Cd and Cr account for 93. 75% ,87. 5% ,68. 75% , 50.00% and 43.75% of the total determined sties respectively,while those without distinct increase or decrease for Cu,Zn,Pb, Cd and Cr account for 6.25% ,6.25% ,31.25% ,50% and 50%. Only Zn in Institute of Steel Science of Baoshan district and Cr in Luwan higher school in 2011 decreased distinctly compared with those in 2006. Though the pollution of the five metal elements in the institute of steel science in Baoshan was heaviest, compared with those of 2006, the increase rate of five metal elements was lower and the trend of environmental degradation in the site were relatively weak, while the trend of environmental degradation were distinct in the newly developing area along Xinlin road in Minghang district. The atmospheric environment changes in typical areas,such as Mount Sheshan,JinShan Petrochemical Plant,and Zhongshan Park,were also compared and discussed.