School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, Liaoning, China;
School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, Liaoning, China;
School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, Liaoning, China;
School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, Liaoning, China;
bogie frame; welded joint; fatigue reliability; orthogonal design; response surface (RS) method;