超高产春玉米干物质及养分积累与转运特征

摘要

以金山27为供试品种,设超高产栽培（SHY）和普通高产栽培（CK）2个处理,通过2009、2010年2年的田间试验,研究了超高产春玉米干物质及氮、磷、钾养分积累与转运特征。结果表明,超高产栽培下春玉米单位面积干物质积累量极显著高于普通高产栽培,尤以吐丝后为甚,吐丝后干物质积累率较普通高产栽培高4.5%（2009）和3.2%（2010）,干物质积累对产量的贡献率较普通高产栽培高8.5%（2009）和3.9%（2010）。超高产栽培春玉米营养器官干物质转运率为15.1%（2009）和14.9%（2010）,转运量对产量贡献率为16.6%（2009）和18.5%（2010）,确保了协调的源库关系。超高产栽培植株吐丝后氮、磷、钾的积累率及其对子粒贡献率均显著高于普通高产栽培,其中,氮积累对子粒贡献较普通高产栽培高30.0%（2009）和16.3%（2010）,磷积累对子粒贡献较普通高产栽培高10.8%（2009）和6.0%（2010）,钾积累对子粒贡献较普通高产栽培高7.9%（2009）和8.2%（2010）,在生育后期保持了较强的养分吸收能力。超高产栽培玉米茎鞘中氮、磷转运率均高于普通高产栽培,叶片中氮、钾转运率低于普通高产栽培。其中,超高产栽培玉米叶片氮的转运率为41.0%（2009）和42.9%（2010）,对子粒氮的贡献率小于普通高产栽培,超高产栽培使叶片在玉米生育后期维持了较高的光合能力。%Dry matter and N, P and K nutrient accumulations and transformations of super-high yield maize were studied. The maize cultivar, Jinshan 27, was grown under super-high-yield cultivation （SHY） and normal high- yield cultivation （CK） condition in 2009 and 2010. The results show that dry matter accumulation amount per hectare of the super-high-yield cultivation is significantly higher than that of the normal cultivation, especially after the silking. The dry matter accumulation rates of the super-high-yield cultivation after the silking are higher than those of the normal cultivation, which are increased by 4. 5% in 2009 and by 3.2% in 2010. The contribution rates of dry matter accumulation to the production under the normal high-yield cultivation are increased by 8.5 % in 2009 and by 3.9% in 2010. The dry matter translocation rates of vegetative organs of super-high-yield cultivation spring maize are 15.1% in 2009 and 14. 9% in 2010, and the contribution rates of translocation to production are 16.6% in 2009 and 18.5% in 2010, which ensure the coordination of source-sink relationship. The N, P and K accumulation rates after silking and their contributions to grain under the super-high-yield cultivation are significantly higher than those under the normal high-yield cultivation, and the N contribution rates are increased by 30. 0% in 2009 and 16.3% in 2010, the P contribution rates are increased by 10. 8% in 2009 and 6. 0% in 2010 and the K contribution rates are increased by 7. 9% in 2009 and 8.2% in 2010. The translocation rates of N and P of stem-sheath under the super-high-yield cultivation are higher than those under the normal cultivation, while the translocation rates of N and K of leaves are contrary. Among them, the translocation N rates of leaves are 41.0% in 2009 and 42. 9% in 2010, and the contribution rates to grain nitrogen under the super-high-yield cultivation are lower than those under the normal high-yield cultivation, which make the leaves of maize maintain a high photosynthetic capacity in the late growth stage.