2004-2013年中国气象灾害损失特征分析

摘要

利用2004-2013年中国气象灾害的灾情资料,采用无量纲化法和归一化法构建了气象灾害综合损失指数,对中国各种气象灾害综合损失的分布特征进行了分析.结果表明:2004-2013年除直接经济损失外,中国气象灾害造成的死亡人口、受灾人口和农业受灾面积、绝收面积及直接经济损失占国民生产总值的比例均呈减少的趋势.暴雨洪涝和干旱灾害是影响中国最主要的气象灾害,暴雨洪涝灾害造成的死亡人口和直接经济损失最多,干旱灾害造成的农业受灾面积和受灾人口最多.暴雨洪涝灾害在长江流域影响较重,干旱灾害在西南地区及内蒙古自治区和黑龙江地区影响较重,中国东南沿海为台风灾害影响严重的地区,局地强对流灾害严重影响华北和黄淮地区,低温冷冻害主要影响长江流域地区.中国中东部地区为气象灾害综合损失严重的地区,其中四川、湖南及湖北地区气象灾害综合损失较重.%Using the meteorological disaster loss data from 2004 to 2013,the distribution characteristics of the comprehensive losses for various meteorological disasters in China were analyzed.A comprehensive loss index for the meteorological disasters was built based on the non-dimensional and normalized methods.The results show that except the direct economic losses,the numbers of deaths and population affected by meteorological disasters,the area of crop failures and the percentage of direct economic losses to the gross domestic product (GDP) all decrease from 2004 to 2013.Rainstorm flood and drought are the main meteorological disasters that affect China.The number of deaths and direct economic losses caused by rainstorm and flood are the highest.The area of crop and number of population affected by drought are the uppermost.The influence of rainstorm and flood is more serious in the Yangtze River Basin.For drought,it is more severe in the South-west China,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Heilongjiang province.The frequency of typhoon is the highest in the southeast coastal areas of China.The local strong convective disaster mostly affects North China and Huanghe and Huaihe river areas.The Yangtze River Basin often suffers the low temperature and freezing disasters.Generally,the comprehensive losses caused by various meteorological disasters are serious in the middle-east areas,especially in Sichuan,Hunan and Hubei provinces.