Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Laser Processing and Modification;
and National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming;
School of Materials Science and Engineering;
Shanghai Jiao Tong University;
Shanghai 200240;
China;
Institute of Engineering Technology;
University of Science and TechnologyBeijing;
Beijing 100083;
China;
AZ31 alloy; Second phases; Volta potential diff erence; Y; Gd;