测墒灌溉条件下不同养分配置对小麦-玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

摘要

In order to find out the water and fertilizer allocation mode for saving water and fertilizer and increasing production,the experiment of controlled release fertilizer and nitrogen topdressing on wheat and corn under measuring irrigation was carried out in Tongxu county in Henan province,the water condition was set 3 levels:deficit irrigation(50％ to 60％ of filed capacity),limited irrigation(65％ to 75％ of field capacity) and full irrigation(75％ to 85％ of field capacity),the fertilizer was set 5 patterns: recommended specific fertilizer 750 kg/ha and topdressing N 75 kg/ha,recommended slow controlled release fertilizer 600 kg/ha,recommended slow controlled release fertilizer 600 kg/ha and topdressing N 75 kg/ha,recommended slow controlled release fertilizer 750 kg/ha,recommended slow controlled release fertilizer 750 kg/ha and topdressing N 75 kg/ha.The results showed that the limited irrigation could improve crop growth and development,compared with deficit irrigation treatment,the plant height,spike length,spikelet number,grain number and 1 000 grains weight of wheat were increased overall,infertility spikes declined,the effective ear length and 1 000 grains weight of corn were increased significantly.Compared with full irrigation,the spikelet number,grain number,1 000 grain weight of wheat and double row grains,1 000 grains weight of corn were increased significantly.The yield of wheat of the limited irrigation treatment increased by 6.73％-11.61％ compared with the deficit irrigation,and 0.71％-4.11％ compared with the full irrigation treatment;the water use efficiency of limited irrigation treatment increased by 0.51-1.29 kg/(mm·ha) compared with deficit irrigation treatment,and 0.63-1.12 kg/(mm·ha) compared with full irrigation treatment,the best one of all of treatments was the treatment with 750 kg/ha controlled-release fertilizer,followed by the treatment with 750 kg/ha controlled-release fertilizer plus nitrogen topdressing 75 kg/ha.The yield of corn of limited irrigation treatment increased by 17.44％-21.45％,and 1.20％-9.04％ compared with the full irrigation treatment;the water use efficiency of limited irrigation treatment increased by 2.06-3.42 kg/(mm·ha) compared with the deficit irrigation treatment,and 1.28-3.09 kg/(mm·ha) compared with the full irrigation treatment,the best one of all of treatments was the treatment with 750 kg/ha controlled-release fertilizer plus nitrogen topdressing 75 kg/ha,and followed by the treatment with 600 kg/ha controlled-release fertilizer plus nitrogen topdressing 75 kg/ha.The yield of wheat and corn anniversary of limited irrigation treatment increased by 11.99％-15.33％ compared with the deficit irrigation treatment,and increased by 0.96％-4.99％ compared with the full irrigation treatment,the best one of all of treatments was the treatment with 750 kg/ha controlled-release fertilizer plus nitrogen topdressing 75 kg/ha.The water use efficiency of the limited irrigation treatment increased by 1.51-1.81 kg/(mm·ha) compared with deficit irrigation treatment,and 0.88-1.67 kg/(mm·ha) compared with the full irrigation treatment.According to the analysis of crop yield and water use efficiency,under the annual precipitation conditions,the best mode of water and fertilizer was the combination of limited irrigation and 750 kg/ha controlled release fertilizer plus nitrogen topdressing 75 kg/ha,which could improve the yield and water use efficiency,and also achieve the purpose of saving water.%为寻求节水节肥增产增效的水肥配置模式,在河南省通许县进行测墒灌溉[亏缺灌溉(田间持水量的50％～60％)、限量灌溉(田间持水量的65％～75％)、充分灌溉(田间持水量的75％～85％)]条件下不同养分配置[底施专用肥750 kg/hm2+追施N 75 kg/hm2、底施控释肥600 kg/hm2、底施控释肥600 kg/hm2+追施N 75 kg/hm2、底施控释肥750 kg/hm2、底施控释肥750 kg/hm2+追施N 75 kg/hm2]对小麦-玉米产量及水分利用的影响研究.结果表明,限量灌溉处理可促进作物生长发育,与亏缺灌溉处理相比,小麦株高、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数和千粒质量总体均增加,不孕穗数下降,玉米有效穗长和千粒质量增加;与充分灌溉处理相比,小麦小穗数、穗粒数、千粒质量和玉米双行粒数、千粒质量总体均增加.对于小麦来说,限量灌溉处理较亏缺灌溉处理增产6.73％～11.61％,较充分灌溉处理增产0.71％～4.11％;水分利用效率较亏缺灌溉处理提高0.51～1.29 kg/(mm·hm2),较充分灌溉处理提高0.63～1.12 kg/(mm·hm2),以底施控释肥750 kg/hm2处理效果最好,其次为底施控释肥750 kg/hm2+追施N 75 kg/hm2处理.对于玉米来说,限量灌溉处理较亏缺灌溉处理增产17.44％～21.45％,较充分灌溉处理增产1.20％～9.04％;水分利用效率较亏缺灌溉处理提高2.06～3.42 kg/(mm·hm2),较充分灌溉处理提高1.28～3.09 kg/(mm·hm2),以控释肥750 kg/hm2+追施N 75 kg/hm2处理效果最好.对于小麦-玉米来说,限量灌溉处理周年产量较亏缺灌溉处理增产11.99％～15.33％,较充分灌溉处理增产0.96％～4.99％;周年水分利用效率较亏缺灌溉处理提高1.51～1.81 kg/(mm·hm2),较充分灌溉处理提高0.88～1.67 kg/(mm·hm2),以底施控释肥750 kg/hm2+追施N 75 kg/hm2处理效果最好.根据作物产量和水分利用效率的分析结果,在该降水年型条件下,采用限量灌溉、底施控释肥750 kg/hm2+追施N 75 kg/hm2处理,既能提高小麦-玉米产量和水分利用效率,同时实现了节水增效的目的.