从个人何以到社会--论经典社会学家关于社会学基本问题的回答

摘要

社会学的一个基本问题是探讨个人与社会的关系，各种社会学理论以及方法论的差异，充分体现出了对于这个基本问题的不同回答。对19世纪到20世纪初期，涂尔干、韦伯、齐美尔、帕累托这四位古典社会学家对社会学基本问题回答做一个比较分析。他们四人生活在几乎同一时期的欧洲，因为具体的社会背景以及学术渊源的影响，导致他们的社会观与方法论有着很大的不同。但是在个人与社会的关系这个问题的回答上，尽管他们四人的内容有所不同，但是他们所采取的方法却有着相似的统一，这就是几乎都试图从个人层面寻找出既同个人相关而又超越于个人的共同中介因素，而用这个中介性因素或者概念工具达到他们研究社会的目的。%The relationship between individual and society is a fundamental question of sociology .Differ‐ent answers to this question leads to differences of various sociological theories and methodologies .This paper is a comparison and analysis on answers of four classic sociologists-Durkheim ,Weber ,Simmel , and Pareto on fundamental questions .The four lived in Europe at the same period ,while their social outlook and methodologies varied a lot due to different social academic backgrounds . However ,al‐though answers were different ,their approaches on the relationship between individual and society were similar that almost all of them tried to find out the common intermediary factor from individual level that related and beyond individual ,and used the intermediary factor or concept tool to research on society .